588 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.40 



Preliminary results from experimental sections of the tile system indicate 

 that tile placed 4 ft. deep with lines 5 rods apart will sufficiently control the 

 excess water and water table and provide suitable drainage for staple field 

 crops on tidelands. Where outlets limit the depth of laterals to 3 ft. tile lines 

 may be put 4 rods apart. 



" For truck crops or valuable onion lands like the beaver-dam soils, spacing 

 3 rods apart is desirable, yet a depth of 4 ft. should be maintained with this 

 closer spacing on account of shrinkage. Silt team having some variation in 

 topography, like the overflow and bank land, may require only a random or 

 natural system of interior Ule to take care of water in depressions, 



"Experiments indicate that near the north Oregon coast tide boxes should 

 have a capacity of l sq. ft. for each 12 acres. On the lower Columbia sup- 

 plementary pumping plants which have a capacity to handle 0.25 to 0l2 in. an 

 acre of rainfall in 24 hours are satisfactory. Measurements of outflow indi- 

 cate that tile may need a capacity to handle 1 in. an acre in 24 hours near the 

 DOTth coast of Oregon; <K~~> in. an acre near the BOUtb coast; and 0.83j to I ' £ 

 in. an acre in the Willamette Valley. The tile drainage system described ! - 

 disposed "' a water and reduced the water table, frequently running full 



for several days at a time in heavy weather. 



'•Cost of the tile system as designed will average about $25 an acre. The 

 first crop, 5 tons field-pea hay to the acre, was double the yield on the portion 

 not yet tiled. This crop was worth $25 a bOQ at local | 

 tiling was repaid In the first crop. Tiling will double the productive value of 

 the greater part of the marshlands in western Oregon. . . . 



" The reclamation of marshlands consists of three operations: <l> Pro- 

 tecting works; (2) field or farm drainage; and (3) subjugation of wild growth, 

 breaking, and establishment of Improved crops. These latter operations i 

 described." 



The zeolite process of water softening.— Comparative analysis of commer- 

 cial zeolites, K. Buxhebt {North Dakota 8ta, Spec. Kul. 5 </.''/■>.> No, 7. 

 pp. 161-170). — Continuing previous work (B. s. k. 38, p. 687), this paper dis- 

 cusses the Important features of this process and presents the results of 

 analyses and laboratory tests as a basis for comparing the composition and 

 exchange values of three commerda] zeolites. The seolltes used for water 

 Softening are natural or artificial, hydrous, alumlno, or ferro-silicates, contain- 

 ing the associated bases sodium or potassium. They possess the property <<f 

 exchanging these associated bases for others, such as calcium, magnesium, 

 iron, etc. 



As advantages of the seollte process It is stated that zeolite softeners can 

 deliver a water of zero hardness, and art 1 of simple design and hence very easy 

 to operate. The process docs away with the addition of any chemicals or 

 reagents, and no precipitate or sludge Is formed at any stage of the proo — 



The limitations of the zeolite process are as follows: (li Extremely hard 

 waters, whose total hardness exceeds l.<*x> parts per million, are not eco- 

 nomically softened by the zeolites at present available; ( '_' i the initial cost 

 of commercial zeolite softeners Is high; (31 owing to the porous nature of the 

 zeolite grains only a dear raw water, free from suspended matter, can be used. 



Machinery for cutting firewood, H. K. TOUR (' . 8. Deft. A;;r.. Fori 



Bui. 1023 (1919). pp. 18, flow. .").— This describes different types of wood-sawing 

 rigs, points out the advantages and disadvantages of each, Lives information 

 as to first cost and cost of operation, and oilers suggestions as to how t 

 may be operated most efficiently. 



