1910] METEOROLOGY. 715 



Dry sugar-beet powder and its possible utilization in Minnesota to partly 

 replace refined sugar (Minnesota Sta. Rpt. IU1S, pp. .}.>', .',' f ). — Sugar beet! were 

 pared, washed, sliced, dried, and the dried product ground to a coarse powder, 

 analysis of which showed a sucrose content of approximately 80 per cent and a 

 railinose content of approximately 8.5 per cent. The Bugar-beel powder was 

 used in making different types of products carrying sufficiently high seasoning 

 to veil the flavor of the beet but in no case was it possible to secure a palatable 

 product without the use of some other sweetening agent. Similar tests with 

 sugar-beet sirup prepared by the method outlined by Townsend and Gore (B. S. 

 R., 37, p. 511) indicate that the sugar-beet sirup can be used to much better 

 advantage than the sugar beet powder in replacing cane smear. 



Orange vinegar instead of apple product in citrus regions (Cat. Citrogr., 

 S (1918), No. 11, p. 251, fig. 1). — A process for the manufacture of orange vine- 

 gar in barrel quantities is described which is said tu produce vinegars equal to 

 the best grades of cider vinegar. 



METEOROLOGY. 



Influence of the velocity of the wind on the vertical distribution and varia- 

 tions of meteorological elements in the lower layers of the atmosphere. ( '. ED. 

 Brazieb (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris}, 168 (1919), No. 3, pp. 119-182: abs. 

 in Rev. Sci. [Pari*], 57 (1919), No. 8, p. 91).— Observations on the Eiffel 

 tower Show that below 300 ft. the average distribution of the meteoro- 

 logical elements depends upon the velocity of the wind. The barometric pressure 

 is inversely proportional to the velocity of the wind. Temperature approaches 

 the adlabatic distribution more closely the quieter the air. At about 200 ft. 

 the amplitude of daily variation of temperature is independent of the wind 

 velocity. 



Nocturnal cooling of the lower layers of the air and the surface of the soil 

 in relation to the humidity of the air, A. Defant (Met. Ztscltr., 85 (1918), 

 No. 9-10, pp. 22.' f -2.' f 5, flg%. 3). — Observations bearing on this subject are criti- 

 cally discussed, and are shown to indicate that the higher the humidity of the 

 air the less is the nocturnal cooling, and that the warmer and the drier the air 

 at sunset the greater is the nocturnal cooling. 



[Observations on aerology] (U. S. Mo. Weuther Rev., Sup. 1.', {1919), pp. 

 132, pis. 8, figs. 2). — This supplement contains the following articles: Free-air 

 Data at Broken Arrow, Okla., Drexel, Nebr., Ellendale, N. Dak., and Royal 

 Center, Ind., Aerological Stations, July to September, 1918, inclusive, by W. 

 R. Gregg; Broken Arrow Aerological Station, by J. A. Reihle ; and Royal 

 Center Aerological Station, by H. W. Ball. 



A simple nonabsorbing atmometer mounting, B. S. Johnston (Plant World, 

 21 (1918), No. 10, pp. 257-200, fig. l).—\ simple modification of the Shive 

 mounting to prevent the absorption of rain by porous cup atmometers is de- 

 scribed. 



The measurement of rainfall and snow, R. E. Horton (Jour. NetD England 

 Water Works Assoc., 33 (1919), No. 1, pp. 14-71, figs. 21).— This paper describes 

 methods of measuring rainfall and snow and discusses the errors and accuracy 

 of such measurements, particularly with reference to the use of the data BO 

 secured by waterworks engineers. 



Some practical uses of rainfall records, L. M. Hastings (Jour. Netr England 

 Water Works Assoc., S3 (1919), No. 1, pp. 72S1, pit. 2, figs. 5).— This article 

 discusses the use of rainfall records in New England in connection with the 

 construction and management of waterworks. 



