1919] RURAL ECONOMICS. 791 



The economic conditions in Serbia, 1914—1918 ( T.n Serbia ficononUque, 

 19U-1918. Geneva, Switzerland: ComU4 Cent. Serbe, 1918, pp. VI+99).— This 

 is an abridged edition of a fuller report on economic condition! in Serbia sub- 

 tnitted in January, 1918, by the central Serbian committee under the title 

 " Srbija u imovnom pogledu pre, za Vreme i posle svotskog rata 1P14-1918." It 

 gives QOtes on the natural resources and the industrial wealth of the country, 

 With the available Bgures relating to real estate and personal property, and 

 estimates the losses Buffered during the war. It further outlines needs for the 

 restoration of Serbia and an after-the-war economic program. 



Moroccan economics and agriculture, F. Bernard (Le iloroc Economique et 

 Aericole. Parte: 0. llasson, 1917, pp. 212, pi. l). — This report deals with sys- 

 tems of landholding in operation in Morocco, public improvements, commerce, 

 finances, social reforms which have been instituted, agriculture, and natural 

 resources of the colony, the author's Inquiry having been conducted in the ad- 

 ministrative offices and among the colonists. 



Main problems in the economy of agricultural production in South Africa, 

 H. Wolfe (So. African Jour. Indus., 1 (1918), Nos. 11, pp. 997-1005; 12, pp. 

 111S-11S0; IS, pp. 1217-1222; 14, pp. 1S30-1341; 15, pp. 1433-1435).— The factors 

 discussed here, from the point of view of their Importance in agricultural pro- 

 duction in the I'nioii of South Africa, are land, capital, and labor. Of the 

 three, capital is the most expensive. The author points out that private credit 

 institutions are handicapped for offering capital to farmers at low cost, and 

 reviews the various European credit institutions, including the Haffeisen hanks, 

 the French cooperative personal rural credit hanks, the Credit Foncier, Land- 

 BChaften, and the State agricultural banks of Australasia, Egypt, South Africa, 

 and other countries, in connection with land mortgage credit. He recommends 

 the principles of the French personal credit systems and of the Landschaften as 

 a cooperative rural land credit organization. He advocates Government sup- 

 port of credit institutions in South Africa, in the form of a State guaranty 

 upon the bonds issued, which might, however, be withdrawn when a stabilized 

 agriculture advanced beyond the pioneer stages no longer needs extraneous 

 support. 



The third factor in agricultural production, labor, which is at present cheap 

 but very inefficient, must be improved. "For the young Africander a system of 

 apprenticeship . . . and for the young native a system of indenture are ad- 

 vocated." 



Economic developments in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, H. P. Hewins 

 (Trans. 3. Internat. Cong. Trop. Agr. 1914, vol. 2, pp. .',73-487).— The attention 

 of the author is devoted to reviewing the inception, development, and economic 

 effects of the Gezira irrigation scheme and the quantity and quality of the 

 labor supply available for the agricultural regions affected by it, also to a gen- 

 eral discussion of extension of transport facilities, provision of water for culti- 

 vation, and labor supply in the Sudan as a whole. He looks forward to a con- 

 centration of European interests on this region as a source of meat supply, and 

 predicts the development of a market for grain and oil seeds, as well. 



The distribution of agricultural products and the function of produce ex- 

 changes, ( '. .1. Brand (In American Problem* of Reconstruction. New York: 

 /:. /'. Dutton d- Co., 1918, pp. 217-231).— The problem of reconstruction which is 

 presented by the distribution of agricultural products is reviewed in this 

 chapter. 



The author considers that organization of producers and standardization of 

 products and of containers are movements which have been encouraged by the 

 war and will increase in importance; that Government collection and dis- 



