1919] vi /ii;i:i.\.\i;v MEDICINE. 685 



peratures of several days' duration tend to diminish the degree of parasitic 

 infestation. "It therefore seems feasible that manure or feces might be dis- 

 infected against most parasitic ova, especially hookworm ova, by being k**i >t at 

 wry low temperatures tor several days, without destroying the value of the 

 manure as fertilizer, were tins procedure practicable." 



The domestic cat a host of the dog tapeworm, Taenia pisiformis, J. K. 

 A.CKKBT and A. A. G&ANT (Trans. KOM. Acad. Sci., 28 (1916 /?i, /,/,. 957-259). — 



The authors found that /'• piriformis may develop in the young cat, and that 

 evaluation of Cysticercus pisiformis occurs in the duodenum of the domestic 



kitten. 



The colon-typhoid intermediates as causative agents of disease in birds. — 

 I. The paratyphoid bacteria, P. [15.] Hadi.kv i;t ai.. {Rhode Island StO. Hul. 

 Ill, (1918), pp. n~+216).— This bulletin is divided into four parts, part 1 (pp. 

 4-47), consisting of a historical resume: part 2 (pp. 48-167), the results of 

 experimental work: pari 3 (pp. 168 207), a general discussion of the subject 

 aud a complete summary of the data presented; and part 4 (pp. 207-216), of 

 a list of 117 titles of the literature cited. 



Among the typhoid like and cholera like diseases of birds there are found 

 six main disease types: Fowl cholera, due to B. avisepticus of the Pasteurella 

 group; fowl typhoid, due to B. gallinarum 10. Klein, of the actual paratyphoid 

 group; paracolon infections, due to paracolon bacteria in the strict sense; bac- 

 terial white diarrhea due to Bacterium pullonun A; infections in adult stock 

 with B. pullorum B ; and an infection with intermediate strains whose position is 

 not wholly clear. The bacteria related to these disease types respectively can 

 be differentiated, morphologically, only in the case of /;. avisepticus. In the 

 other types morphological differences afford only an uncertain means of separa- 

 tion. Biochemically, however, these types can be distinguished from one 

 another by the nature of their reaction in carbohydrate media. 



The agglutination reactions were found definitely to support the biochemical 

 test with reference to the main types studied, hut in addition they showed 

 evidence of antigenic relation between types which differed markedly in their 

 blochetnic characters. 



The results presented show that the type of infection referred to as fowl 

 typhoid has been recognized for many years and that the rules of priority 

 would establish the causative agenl as />. gaUinarum, first described by Klein 

 in 1SS9. Organisms from avian infections described by other writers also clearly 

 belong in the same group or among the paracolons. 



"It is indicated that the chief difference in pathogenicity between the fowl 

 cholera and the fowl typhoid types is that, while the former are highly viru- 

 lent and nonu sic, the latter are highly toxic and only slightly virulent. In 

 (he second place while the toxic strains differ greatly in their toxicity, and 

 become rapidly attenuated, the virulent strains show little variation in viru- 

 lence' and maintain it for years to a marked degree. 



"It is concluded that the •hemorrhagic septicemia group' of bacteria La a 

 heterogeneous assortment of organisms some of which are true paratyphoids, 

 some true paracolons, some true Pasteurella types; and some which belong 

 outside of any of these groups; and that the term should never he employed 

 in such a sense as to imply systematic relationships of the organisms included. 

 They may be related in no way except the common ability to call forth a type 

 of disease in which hemorrhagic symptoms may he prominent; and this ability 

 is by uo means limited to the Pasteurella group. It is concluded that the true 

 septicemia type of bacteria ( I'asteurella) are not in any sense pleomorphic." 

 llb33S D — No. 7—10 7 



