686 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol 40 



Three epidemics of adult fowls are reported, of which the apparent causative 

 agent was B. pullorum. In one of these typical leukemia was the most obvious 

 and characteristic symptom. 



" In relation to the significance of the fowl typhoid bacillus as a pathogenic 

 entity, it is suggested that in many instances in which this or related para- 

 typhoid or paracolon strains are isolated these organisms are not the original 

 cause of the disease, but this is to be sought in a filterable virus. This may 

 be the explanation of all instances in which marked leukemia is associated 

 with apparent fowl typhoid infections. 



"It is thus suggested in certain diseases among poultry that paratyphoid 

 and paracolon bacteria may sometimes have the same relation to the malady 

 that the hog cholera bacteria have to hog cholera; they are the agents of a 

 secondary infection, but in some instances may perpetuate an independent in- 

 fection after their pathogenicity has been sufficiently increased through suc- 

 cessive passages." 



RURAL ECONOMICS. 



After-the-war agricultural problems. A. Macaigne (In Notre France 

 d'Apres-Guerre. Paris: Pierre Roger d- Co., 1917, pp. !!>■' 208).— The author 

 devotes tins chapter to urging permanent organized Government aid in re- 

 cruiting and distributing agricultural labor in Prance, for an Industrialized 

 agriculture, for increased use of fertilizer, and for motor power for culti- 

 vation. He urges that consolidation be encouraged, without being compelled, 

 and that centralized storage and marketing systems be established. 



Agriculture after the war. M. Vacheb (In l.u Reorganisation de la France. 

 Paris: Libr. Felix Alcan, 1917 pp. 158-179) . — This paper, published with a 

 series of lectures delivered before the School .if Advanced Social Studies from 

 November, L915, to January, 1916, is devoted t'> reviewing the question of 

 rural needs of reorganization of agricultural labor, the use of machinery, care- 

 ful selection in stock raising, and agricultural legislation ami teaching. 



The condition of French agriculture after the war. A. BeckkbicH (Jour. 

 Economistea [Paris], 6 ser., ~>\ {1916), X". i. pp. 87-57). — The author cites 

 figures from agricultural statistics published in the office of the minister of 

 agriculture and from other sources, which indicate that the movement of 

 prices of agricultural products has been consistently upward since 1900. This 

 tendency he attributes to temporary causes, such as pom- harvests and de- 

 creased acreage, and to permanent ones, namely, increased consumption and 

 demand, especially on the part of the working classes, the higher price of 

 labor, and Increased cost of production. Tie shows, also, that there was an 

 emigration of the laboring classes from rural districts in prewar years and 

 that the evolution of farming even then was in the direction of combination of 

 small farms. 



He urges the use of machinery to alleviate the lo<s of man power to rural 

 populations and the maintenance of a higher scale of agricultural wages. He 

 predicts the solution of the agricultural problem in modification of systems of 

 cultivation, the establishment of agricultural societies, and the increase of the 

 labor supply by immigration aixl interior colonization. 



How to pay for the war: By developing the latent resources of the Empire. 

 II. II. Smith (London: John Hale. Sons d Danielsson, Ltd., 1918, pp. .VVV17 + 

 186, ftps. 6).- — The author urges the development and expansion of English 

 trade in the Tropics. India, and Latin America, advocating special agricultural 

 education for these regions and recommending policies of finance and of han- 

 dling native labor. One section is devoted to the question of trade relations 

 between Russia and English-speaking peoples. 



