1019] RURAL ECONOMICS. 889 



a nature that Its bearing value is not sufficient to support the pavement under 

 all eenditlons, n concrete base of snfflclent thic kness to properly distribute the 

 loads shonld be provided. Where the maximum weight <>f the loads to be 

 carried is not excessive and tho subsoil is <>f u porous well-drained nature, 

 thickness of the concrete base may be decreased or, under rery favorable 

 conditions, it may even be omitted altog ither. 



"Other things being equal, a Bomewhat lighter construction d per- 



mitted in the case of the the 'monolithic 1 nnd ' semlmonollthlc ' types than 

 where the ordinary sand cushion type is provided, on account of the Incres 

 slab strength winch these types appear to possess. A concrete curb or edging 

 Is not necessary when monolithic or semlmonollthlc construction Ls u.-cd. 



"Paving brick with well-formed contact lugs are to be preferred to brick 



without lugs. Paving brick with squar lges are to be preferred to brick with 



rounded edges. 



"Given the requisite care in construction, satisfactory results may be ob- 

 tained with either cement grout or bituminous tiller. Vertical liber tug brick 

 with bituminous Idler have given good service in those cities west <>:' t 

 sissippl where they were inspected, possibly due to the protecting action of thr 

 asphalt mat which prevents wear from coming upon the brick direct. 



"Expansion joints in grout filled pavements would seem advisable nt si 

 intersections and at points of tangency on curves, and longitudinal joints should 

 be used against all rigid curbs or structures." 



Public Roads (17. S. Dept. Agr., Public Roads, 1 (1919), No. 10, pp. 103, figs. 

 48). — This number of this periodical contains an article on Brick Pavements in 

 the Middle West, by A. T. Goldbeck and F. H. Jackson, noted above, and five 

 other articles of direct highway engineering interest. 



Care and repair of farm implements. — V, Grain separators, E. JoHNSOfl 

 (17. s. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 1036 (1919), pp. 20, figs. 8).— This in- 



structions for overhauling and adjusting grain separators, with a view to re- 

 ducing to the minimum the losses and delays due to breakdowns during the 

 operating season. 



RURAL ECONOMICS. 



The farmer and the new day, K. L. Butterfiei.d (New Fork: Th> " Ulan 

 Co., 1919, pp. [9] +311). —The author arranges his discussion under tl. 

 topics, the rural problem, rural organization, and a rural demo,- Be an- 



alyzes the rural problem as one of determining and meeting the 

 world for agricultural products, of Improving farm methods, farm business, and 

 farm life, and of assuring to tho farmer a place at all councils designed to • 

 cuss and provide for social reconstruction. He urges the formulation of a na- 

 tional rural policy by a permanent conferring group representative em- 

 inent and farmers. 



In the appendixes are included, anions other Items, I statement of whl 

 Massachusetts communities are doing, taken from I bulletin recently noted 

 (E. S. R., 40, p. 486), an extract from the program for food production and 

 conservation prepared at the conference of the Secretary of Agriculture and 

 representatives from 32 States, held at St. Louis, Mo., April 9 10, 1917, a sum- 

 mary of opinions of f>0 or more agricultural leaders expressed in answering a 

 questionnaire concerning an American agricultural policy, and a tentative • 

 line of such a policy. 



The awakening of England, F. E. GSXEH [London Fork: 



Nelson d Son*, Ltd. [19181, 8. ed., pp. 17+561, pl». 8).— Personal Impn 

 of the success and failure of the small-holdings system gained by the author on 

 walking tours about England, Ireland, and the Channel Islands are here re- 



