VETERINARY MEDICINE. 87 



bacilli obtained from lesious of lip-iind-le,^ ulceration will produce similar ulcers 

 in lio.us, horses, calves, and chickens which have been arliticially infected by 

 them. 



"The losses have varied considerably in the different States autl sections. 

 One company lost 3,(HtO, or 10 per cent, in 1!K)!) ; another lost TOO out of 2.000 

 old sheep, besides a shrinkage in the lamb crop due to abortion ; while still 

 another flock master placed his loss at $15,000 from the effects of the disease. 

 Bucks, more valuable in proportion to numbers, are lost to service or become 

 the greatest menace to uninfected bands." 



" If taken in time, the disease in the vast majority of cases responds readily 

 to treatment, the principal recijnisite being vigilance on the part of the herder 

 to cut out as soon as they occur all cases of the infection, which should be 

 placed in the hospital band for hand treatment. 



"Prevention should be carried out along three lines: (1) Separation of the 

 sick from the healthy animals; (2) close scrutiny of the sheep that have been 

 exposed to infection by contact with affected animals or premises, or otherwise; 

 (3) complete disinfection of all pens, corrals, and sheds, as the necrosis bacilli 

 will retain their virulence under favorable conditions in and around the sheep- 

 fold for several years. The walls, racks, and troughs should be sprinkled with 

 a 5 per cent solution of sheep dip or other similar disinfectant. The manure 

 and a portion of the surface soil of the corral should be removed and the 

 ground sprinkled with the disinfectant solution. If possible, the healthy sheep 

 should be taken to new and uninfected bed grounds and pastured on uninfected 

 range. Ex[>erience has shown that sound sheep may be safely pastured on land 

 that has been previously occupied by animals .suffering from lip-and-leg ulcer- 

 ation if a winter's frosts have been allowed to intervene." 



The treatment of these, affections, no matter how many varieties of the 

 disease may make their appearance, consists of disinfection and cleanliness, or 

 disinfection and prevention. Treatment by local antiseptics is very satisfactory 

 if begun in time and applied energetically. 



Some important facts in the life history of the gid parasite and their 

 bearing' on the prevention of the disease, M. C. IIall ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr.. Bur. 

 Anim. Indus. Circ. 159, pp. 7). — In view of the doubt harbored by veterinarians 

 and sheepmen regarding the correctness of the generally accepted life history 

 of the gid parasite, the subject is here briefly reviewed. 



It is shown that the larvjie or bladder form of the dog taenia develops only in 

 the brain and spinal cord of sheei) and that ordinarily it is necessary that the 

 larvje be consumed by a dog for further development to take place. It is sug- 

 gested as quite probable, however, that further investigations may show that 

 coyotes, other wolves, and foxes, animals closely related to the dog, also serve 

 as hosts for the adult form of this parasite. The author considers it highly 

 improbable that the gid parasite should develop iu the sheep outside of the 

 central nervous system to the point where it would be capable of infecting the 

 dog and not have been discovered by helminthologists. Exjieriments are re- 

 ported which show that dogs readily gain access to the sheep brain even though 

 protected l)y the skull. 



Gid found in sheep in New York, W. J. Taylor and W. II. P.oynton iAinrr. 

 Vet. Rrr.. 36 iI'MO), No. 5, pp. .5.37-.5'/S, fiffs. 7).— An outbreak of gid iu a flock 

 of sheep near (Jeneva. N. Y., is here reported. 



The affected animals were found to be the offspring of Shropshire sheep 

 imported from Great Britain in 1(K)7 and 1908. Two Scotch collie dogs were 

 imported at the same time for use as sheep dogs. In a four months' old lanil) 

 examlHed three cysts of Twnia marginata {Cysticcrcus tcnuicoUis) were found 



47147°— No. 1—10 7 



