60 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



with Bordeaux mixture or witli lime and snlpliur. Results of experiments 

 with other insecticides have been summarized as follows : 



" Lime and sulphur when used as a sunnner spray by diluting the commercial 

 material gave fine foliage and a good quality of fruit. The question of what 

 dilution will be the most effective is unsettled. 



"The second application of Bordeaux and arsenate of lead to control scab 

 and insects was the most valuable in 1909. Bordeaux mixture made with 4 

 lbs. each of copper sulphate and lime and 2 lbs. of arsenate of lead to 50 gal. 

 of water gave the best average results, while the same spray with 6 lbs. of 

 lime gave the highest net value per bushel. The use of iron sulphate in Bor- 

 deaux as a ' dilution sticker ' is better adapted as a spray for use after the 

 fruits have attained some size than as a spray during the entire season. This 

 spray is very adhesive, remaining on the tree until picking time, and being 

 rusty brown in color is not as objectionable as Bordeaux for use late in the 

 season. Target Brand Quick Bordeaux is efficient but costs one-third more 

 than our regular homemade Bordeaux. 



"The method of spraying heavily with arsenate of lead just as tlie bloom 

 falls to control the codling moth, is not adapted to Illinois conditions, upon the 

 basis of results of 1909 tests. The use of a weak Bordeaux and arsenate of 

 lead applied in the same manner is more efficient." 



Tables showing the results of tests of various brands of arsenate of lead 

 and Paris green, tests of commercial and self-boiled lime and sulphur alone, 

 and of arsenate of lead, the effective time of application of Bordeaux spray, 

 value of arsenicals in Bordeaux mixture, value of Bordeaux mixture made with 

 varying amounts of copper sulphate and lime, and tests relating to the method 

 of slacking lime, etc., are appended. 



Lime-sulphur wash {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. Ill, pp. 6^, figs. 18). — In the 

 first of the two parts of this bulletin H. L. Fulmer reports upon the results of a 

 chemical study of the lime-sulphur wash. 



As the difficulty in handling both the chemical solution and the homemade 

 concentrates is to know how much they should be diluted before applying, a 

 large nnml)er of samples were collected and analyzed. The results are reported 

 in tabular form and show a wide variation in the strength of the different sam- 

 ples, but it is thought that an average should give a fair standard. With this, 

 knowing the strength or density of the wash required, by the use of the hydro- 

 meter any concentrated solution may readily be diluted to the desired strength. 



The results of experiments on the preparation of homemade wash have been 

 summarized as follows:. " Normal limes, ranging from 48 lbs. and upward of 

 pure calcium oxid per 100 lbs., are suitable for making lime-sulphur wash with 

 a formula of 20 lbs. lime and 15 lbs. sulphur (or any formula having the pro- 

 portions 4 lbs. lime to 3 lbs. sulphur). Flour and flowers of sulphur are, of 

 equal value for making the wash, provided they poss.^ss an equal degree of fine- 

 ness and purity. Forty-five minutes to one hour is sufficient length of time to 

 boil the wash, provided the boiling is vigorous. Increasing the proportion of 

 sulphur to lime up to 1 : 1, or even higher in case of the use of a pure lime such 

 as Beachville, will increase the strength of the wash and decrease the cost of 

 production. Steam and open fire are of nearly equal value as sources of heat 

 and energy for boiling the wash. The development of a green color during 

 boiling can not be taken as an indication of the completeness of boiling with 

 all limes. If a wash cools and crystallizes before it is applied it is not value- 

 less. Heating up to 00 to 70° C. (140 to 15S° F.) and stirring to iireak up the 

 sediment and crystals at the bottom till the crystals dissolve will render the 

 wash practically as efficient as before." 



