192 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 



parts of the United States in niarlvetiug various products, including such staple 

 crops as cotton, wheat, and tobacco, live stoclv, fruits, vegetables, dairy and 

 poultry products, etc. The different phases of marketing, which range from 

 direct selling between producer and consumer to selling by means of from one 

 middleman to as high as five middlemen, are described in detail and discussed 

 with reference to their bearing on tlae returns secured by producers and the 

 cost of goods to consumers. 



As a general rule the costs of marketing the bulk of farm products include 

 expenses incurred in " hauling from the farm, fi'eight, commission for selling, 

 storage, inspection, weighing, interest on capital, profits of various dealers, and 

 insurance. To these may be added the losses due not only to deterioration of 

 products after they leave the farm, but also to unequal distribution of shipments 

 resulting in overstocked markets." 



As direct marketing between producer and consumer is limited, resort is 

 generally had by the producer to the agency of a middleman for the disposal of 

 his produce or to coopei-ative selling associations. The number of these associa- 

 tions is shown to be constantly increasing in the United States and to be spread- 

 ing into all branches of agriculture. Among the beneficial results attained in 

 cooperative marketing have been the shipment of better grades of fruits and 

 vegetables, and the command by the farmers of a greater influence in the mar- 

 kets by trading with large quantities of produce through a single individual as 

 their representative. 



Spanish farm, profits, R. Frazer, Jr. {Weelxli/ Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. .S'.]. 

 / (I'JIO), Ao. 7, I). 313). — The value of land according to irrigation rights, and 

 the avei-age cost of production and profits secured in the culture of oranges, 

 almonds, peanuts, onions, and rice in the Valencia district of Spain are briefly 

 discussed. 



Tenure of farm lands, LeG. Powers (Xat. Conscrv. Com. Ri)t., IDOD, vol. 3. 

 pp. 375-380).— This article discusses the number, size, ownership, and occu- 

 pancy of farms in the United States fi-om 1850 to 1900 as determined from the 

 Census reports. With reference to farm tenure in 1900 the author concludes 

 as follows : 



" The farms tilled in part or wholly by their owners were .3,712.408, and 

 those tilled wholly by tenants were 2.024,964. For every 1,000 farm owners, 

 tenants, and male workers other than owners and tenants over 15 years of 

 age engaged on farms, there were 417 farm owners, 227 farm tenants, and 256 

 others, of whom substantially one-half worked for wages or for their parents. 



"The relative number of farm owners was greater in 1900 than in 1850; 

 the relative number of tenants was much greater in the later than in the 

 earlier year, and has shown a tendency to uninterrupted increase, while that 

 of the lowest form of farm labor has shown a most marked tendency to de- 

 crease in relative importance. With slight changes in the relative condition of 

 farm work, there has been a tendency in fifty years to substitute tenant labor 

 for slave and hired labor, and this tendency has been a most important factor 

 in affecting farm tenure, the average size of farm land cultiAated by the 

 individual farmer, and indirectly in increasing the relative number of persons 

 owning farm land and in decreasing the size of land owned by the average 

 individual landlord." 



[Land in the United States], G. W. Woodruff CXaf. Conscrv. Com. Rj)f., 

 1909, vol. 1, pp. 75-93, dgms. 2). — Statistics on the e.\.tent of the land in the 

 United States in private holdings and reserved for public use, the different 

 kinds of public land, and other economic data relating to the public domain are 

 presented and discussed. 



