ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 253 



The author decluces fi'om his experiments the following conclusion : Bor- 

 deau mixture becomes more toxic as it becomes older, and consequently may 

 cause damage that it would not do if used fresh. 



The toxic action of copper sulphate on Botrytis cinerea, H. Colin (Rev. 

 Gen. Bot., 21 (IVOO), No. 2.'/8, i)p. 280-29J,, fig. i).— The results of a number of 

 experiments are given on the toxic action of various strengths of copper sul- 

 phate solution on the germination of the spores and the subsequent growth of 

 the mycelium of B. cinerea in glucose culture media. In conducting these 

 exi)eriments 10 series of 4 cultures each were prepared as follows: In each 

 vessel was 250 cm. of nutritive liquid, containing at the beginning of the 

 cultures 8 gm. of anhydrous glucose, to which was added 25, 37.5, 50, 62.5, 

 75, 125, 150, 250, 300, and 350 mg., respectively, of copper sulphate. The toxicity 

 of each concentration represented was determined by the quantity of glucose 

 remaining at the end of the experiment and by the decrease in weight of 

 dried matter. 



Concentrations ranging from 25 to 75 mg. of copper sulphate per 250 cc. 

 of culture media showed no toxic action. Even at a concentration of 300 mg. 

 there was an appreciable growth, but with 350 mg. growth practically ceased, 

 although some mycelium was formed. 



This toxic action is due to the copper, for when sulphates in the form of 

 ammonium suli)hate corresponding to 300 mg. of copper sulphate were used 

 in the cultures, no deleterious effect was produced on the growth of the fungus. 



The method of action of a new copper fung'icide, G. Perrin (BhI. Soc. Nat. 

 Agr. France, 69 (1900), No. JO, pp. S90-893).— An account is given by C. Bon- 

 nier of investigations carried on with a soda-copper mixture to which a form of 

 black soap was added. 'The effect of this fungicide on the conidia and zoo- 

 spores of Peronospora viticola was especially studied. 



The author found that while copper inhibited the germination of the spores, 

 the presence of soap in the mixture caused both the conidia and the zoospores 

 to swell and burst, thus destroying them. The mixture was found to be very 

 efficient as a fungicide. By reason of the soap, which forms a very complex 

 combination, it seems to be more efficient than the ordinary Bordeaux mixture. 

 It is also more fluid, easier to apply, and more adherent. It not only destroys 

 the zoospores but is found to penetrate the parenchyma of the leaf for some 

 distance following the development of the mycelium, and the action of the 

 copper destroys the mycelium within the leaf. 



ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. 



Progress of game protection in 1909, T. S. Palmer, H. Oldys and C. E. 

 Brewster (V. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Survey Circ. 13, pp. 19, fig. 1). — This 

 brief review is a continuation of the series which has been prepared annually 

 since 1902 in order to place on I'ecord a condensed statement of the more im- 

 portant events of each year, to indicate the progress in various lines and show 

 what has been accomplished in protecting wild life, introducing new species, 

 or increasing the game in public and private pi'eserves. 



Report of the entomologist, D. T. Fullaway (Haioaii Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 

 ll-'iO, ftgx. 8). — This report consists of a brief general account of the occur- 

 rence of insect pests during the year and a synopsis of Hawaiian Aphididie, of 

 which 9 genera and 21 species have been recognized, 4 species being described 

 as new to science. 



Througli the dipping and fumigation of pineapple suckers and the liberal 

 application of tobacco dust to the jilants, the mealy-bug (Pseudococcus hro- 

 vicliw'i) and the scale-bug (Diaspi>s hronicUa) were kept at a minimum. 



