282 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 



at right augles to tliis; for separator B 14 per ceut was found in the same 

 way, and for C. !J per cent. The smoothness of the run of the separators was 

 furthermore determined by direct touch, and scored on a scale of from to 

 15 points, the numbers 10 to 15 being considered excellent. As the averages of 

 5 scorings, separator A received 12.8, B, 12.9, and C. 14.2 points. By changing 

 the 15 upper plates for 15 others taken at random at the factory stock rooms 

 the steadiness of the run was not affected for any of the separators. 



Variations in cream tests, C. H. Eckles {2Ii/^souri Sta. Cirr. 37, pp. 

 13-lG). — This is a circular of popular information which discussej? the causes 

 of variation in the percentage of fat in separator cream. 



Report of the dairy institute at Hameln, V. Vieth {Bcr. Milchu-. Inst. 

 IlameJii, 1909, pp. 39). — Trials of cream separators, comparisons of the Gerber 

 and Gottlieb methods for testing milk, data on butter and cheese making, and 

 related matters are reported. 



Conservation of energy and its relation to the dairyman, W. J. Fraser 

 {lUinois tila. Circ. IJ/S, pp. 2-26, Jig. 1). — An address read before the Illinois 

 State Farmers' Institute, Febi'uary 24, 1910, in which attention is called to the 

 great waste of energy caused by shiftless methods of ignorant and indifferent 

 dairymen. Facts and figures are cited to show the great differences in profit 

 between good and poor dairy cows. 



Report of Ostergotland County cow-testing associations, 1908—9, K. A. 

 Westman {(jstrrfpitlands Ldns Hushalh Siillsk. UanclJ., 1910, 37o. 1, pp. 7/8). — 

 Fifty-six .different associations were in operation at the close of the year and 

 46 during the entire year, rei)resenting 809 herds and 22,502 cows, or 20.8 per 

 cent of the total number of cows in the county. The results obtained in the 

 feeding and testing of the different herds are given in detail. 



Breeding centers for cattle, J. Ekelund {McddcL K. Luiidtbr. Styr. [Sircdcn], 

 190S,, Xo. S (137), pp. 362+yiI). — The report presents detailed results of the 

 state competition for the production of milk and butter fat by pure-bred Swedish 

 dairy cows of the mountain, Ayrshire, and lowland breeds during the years 1904- 

 1905. This competition w^as arranged for by the government under regulations 

 dated August 28, 1903, which stipulated that the individaal cows in herds se- 

 lectetl as " breeding centers " were to be regulai'ly tested as to the production of 

 milk and butter fat and their feed consun)i)tion detevmined. The owner was 

 required to test the herd with tuberculin annually and to offer for sale bulls in 

 the herd between 1 and 2 years old to the numbor of at least 10 per cent of the 

 cows in the herd. The prizes offered for the herds found best suited to form 

 breeding centers ranged between 300 and 1.000 krone and aggregated 9,000 krone 

 (about !f;2,400) annually for the 2-year competition. The yields of the individual 

 cows in the various herds for the years 1904 to 1908 are also given in the report. 



The production cost of milk in the Stockholm district (Nord. Mcjrri Tidn., 

 25 (1910), Xo. 13, pp. /.'/7-7.'/.0).— This study of the data furnished by Swedish 

 cow-testing associations shows that the cost of producing 1 kg. of milk under 

 the conditions prevailing in East Central Sweden amounts to 4.70 (ire (1.1 cts. 

 per quart). The various factors influencing the cost and the average yields of 

 the cows in the testing association are discussed in some detail. 



Cows fed on cactus, W. Sinclair (Rural New Yorker, 69 (1910), No. J/O'/S, 

 pp. 601, 602, fi(/-<i. .'/). — The advantages of the Opuntia Undheimcrii and other 

 species of prickly pear as a pasture for dairy stock are discussed. About 150 

 lbs. iHM- head iier day was the average feed for dairy cows. The methods of 

 using gasoline for burning off the thorns are described. 



Grass as a cow food, .7. Wrioiitson (Agr. Cnz. [London^, 71 (1910). No. 

 IS9'i. II. 366). — This is a record of tlie milk production of an English dairy herd 

 of 27 cows. For the 3 weeks previous to being turned out to pasture the average 



