444 EXtEMMENT STATION EECORD. 



information. It discusses ptiysical features, climate, forest types along the 

 coast and in the interior, their utilization, and the future of Alaskan forests. 



" Obviously all the forests of Alaska, whether on the coast or in the interior, 

 should be protected and made of the utmost permanent use. The coast forests, 

 which include most of the saw timber of the Territory, and by far the heaviest 

 stands, are nearly all protected by National Forests. They have not been 

 damaged by fire, and are but slightly reduced by cutting. They are over- 

 mature. Carefully planned cutting should take place as soon as possible. 

 Every effort should be made to have them utilized for lumber, and especially 

 for pulp. They should be so managed as to increase the stand of spruce and 

 decrease that of hemlock. In the interior forests, situated entirely upon public 

 lands, unregulated cutting and devastating fires are going on. Their protec- 

 tion can not begin too soon. While the products of the coast forests need a 

 foreign market, the interior forests with the best of treatment are not likely to 

 supply more than a part of the home demand. If protected they will continue 

 to furnish logs for cabins, low-grade lumber, and fuel indefinitely." 



Forest, shade and ornamental trees in Washing'ton, W. S. Thornber ( Wash- 

 ington Sta. Bui. 90, pp. 55, figs. 8). — This is a bulletin of information relative 

 to the kinds of trees suitable for ornament, shelter, and forest purposes in 

 Washington, including suggestions on the planting and care of trees. Part 1 

 discusses in detail the propagation of forest an<l shade trees and part 2 con- 

 tains notes on the growth of a large number of species which were planted in 

 the college and station grounds some 15 years ago. Lists are also given of 

 trees suggested for planting for street and shade, the lawn, wind-breaks, 

 screens, and for fuel purposes. 



The life history of lodgepole burn forests, F. E. Clements (U. 8. Dcpf. Agr., 

 Forest Scrr. Bui. 79, pp. 56, pis. 6, fig. 1). — This bulletin consists of a study of 

 the burned over forests of Estes Park, northern Colorado, in which various 

 burns, which are calculated to have occurred at different periods since 1707, 

 have been reconstructed to a certain degree and studied with reference to their 

 effect, particularly on lodgepole pine reproduction. In addition to the general 

 examination of past and present conditions of these areas, consideration is given 

 to cone and seed production, the opening of cones, distribution of cones and 

 seeds, the germination of seeds, relation of development and growth to light 

 and water, and of reproduction to competition, relative rate of growth, and 

 the future development and treatment of lodgepole forests. 



The author finds that although lodgepole pine can mature cones as early as 

 its fifth year, the cones usually appear about the tenth or twelfth year. This 

 indicates the length of time which fire must be kept out to permit reproduc- 

 tion. The number of cones produced depends chiefly upon the density of the 

 individuals as expressed in the competition between them. There is no fixed 

 relation between the amount of seed and the number of cones. Generally 

 speaking, the older the tree or branch bearing the cone, the greater the per- 

 centage of seed. Contrary to a rather common opinion most of the cones in 

 a lodgeijole forest open naturally without the aid of fire. The cones open irregu- 

 larly, however, from year to year and fire is of importance in releasing the 

 seed from the older cones, and in driving away rodents inimical to reproduc- 

 tion. In some germination tests it was found that seeds from 50 to 75 years 

 of age will germinate. 



The minimum light intensity for lodgepole reproduction is 0.1 of full sun- 

 shine. Although a fair reproduction may occur at as low as 0.2 it is much 

 inferior to that of full sunshine. The light of a mature forest is not suffi- 

 ciently intense to permit of reproduction. The. maximum water content for 

 lodgepole is 35 per cent in loam and about half as great in sand and gravel, 



