ENTOMOLOGY. 459 



moth hirviP (Cheimatohia hninidta), and lackey caterpillars (Clismjcampa 

 ncustria), did great damage to fruit. For tlie last two seasons the cherry fly 

 {RhagoU'tis ccrasi) has been received in England in large numbers in late 

 cherries from France. The larvte of the plum fruit moth (Opadia funcbrana) 

 ■were found in quantities in boxed French Green Gage plums. 



Report upon the entomological work conducted in the district during the 

 year 1907-8, T. F. Main (Dcpt. Agr. Bombay, Rpt. Ent. Work, 1D07-S, pp. 27). — 

 A brief summary is given of the present knowledge of the potato moth (prob- 

 ably Lita solaneUa), the injury caused by which is placed at 18 to 20 per cent 

 of the crop. Other imported pests reported upon are white ants, the sugar- 

 cane borer (CJiilo simpler), bollworm, and Nrmagria uniformis. 



The apple-leaf hopper, R. L. Webster (loioa Sta. Bui. Ill, popular ed., pp. 

 4-1:2, figs. 3). — A poi)uUir edition of Bulletin 111, previously noted (E. S. R., 

 23, p. 255). 



The green bug and its enemies. — A study in insect parasitism, S. J. Hun- 

 ter {Bui. Unir. Kans., 9 (W09), No. 2, pp. 1-163, pis. 3, figs. '/S; rev. in Science, 

 n. ser., 30 (1909), No. 782, pp. 927-929).— The flrst part of this work is devoted 

 to the southern grain aphis or green bug (Toxoptera graminum) and the work 

 that was carried on during the outbreak of the pest in 1907. In the spring of 

 that year it entered Kansas from the South and was the source of serious in- 

 jury to small grain, due apparently to the fact that its principal parasite did 

 not accompany it. The work of introducing parasites from field stations 

 located in Oklahoma and southern Kansas, during the course of which more 

 than 8,500 boxes were distributed, is considered at some length. 



A general discussion of parasitism then follows, in which the author quotes 

 freely from the writings on the subject by several entomologists. It is shown 

 that this aphid first came to prominence in 1852 at Bologna, Italy, where it was 

 described by Rondani. In 1884 it became of economic importance in Hungary. 

 It was first reported from the United States in 1882, since which time it has 

 spread throughout the grain producing States of the South. The first in- 

 stance of its appearance in Kansas was in December, 1906, at which time it 

 was found near Girard. Crawford County, by C. E. Sanborn. During the 

 spring of 1907 it was present in every wheat growing county in the State, being 

 most abundant in the southern part. 



" In the experiments with T. graminum and Macrosiphiim granaria to show 

 the effect on wheat, it was found that on an average of 15 days the T. gram- 

 inum killed the wheat on which they were placed, while the M. granaria in 

 the same time under the same conditions inflicted only slight injury." Life- 

 history studies are considered at some length. " During summer temperature 

 in the experimental laboratory the average length of life, based on ccmtinuous 

 observation, from birth to death, of 15 green bugs, was 35.22 days; average 

 number of offspring, 55.42; average period of reproduction, 22.74 days; average 

 number reproduced daily during reproductive period, 2.43 ; age at which re- 

 production begins, 7.1 days; number of molts, 4. This data was corroborated in 

 an observation upon f)4 green bugs selected at various ages and kept under 

 similar conditions. The rate of reproduction in the winged form appears to 

 be about the same as in the wingless form. . . . During January and 

 February, mean temperature 35° F., average daily numl)er of young for eacli 

 individual during the reproductive period was 0.374; during March and April, 

 mean temperature 58°, 1.5 during the reproductive period. Laboratory experi- 

 ments from January to May, mean temperature 02.32°. gave results correspond- 

 ing to those of summer temperatures in the field and laboratory. The lowest 

 temperature at which offspring appeared was during a day recorded jnaxlmuui 



