FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 469 



alleged to be adulterated and niisbx-anded whereas it was charged that it was 

 niishraiided only. 



[Food and living conditions in an English country village], Maude F. 

 Davies (In Life in an English ViUagc. London and Lcipmc, li)0!), pp. Jol-L5.'f, 

 192-255). — In connection with an extended sociological study of a small English 

 village in an agricultural region much information is given regarding the 

 market-gardening and other agricultural conditions, and detailed data regarding 

 the housing and living of the families, including budgets of honsehold expenses 

 and the kinds and cost of food eater.. Full reports were obtained of 162 house- 

 holds and school reports of 7 more. 



" The produce of the garden furnishes a large proportion of the food of the 

 people. Potatoes, onions, greens, and other vegetables figure largely in the 

 menu of the poorest households, especially those with many children. Bacon is 

 almost universally eaten. Meat is eaten in all but the very poorest houses at 

 least once or twice a week, and it is an article of daily consumption in the 

 majority of cottages." 



In some of the families the income was insufficient for maintenance. " Not 

 only is the quantity of nourishing food obtainable by these families inadequate, 

 but the inevitable monotony of the diet is extremly trying, especially when any 

 member of the family is in poor health and not enjoying a good appetite. . . . 



" Probably a few of the very poorest old people, paupers, and others live 

 almost entirely on bread and butter and tea." 



On the whole, however, it is the author's opinion that the families have a 

 fairly generous diet, and that " the majority of households in the parish can 

 afford to feed in this manner, the exceptions being laborers with several chil- 

 dren, and others who for one reason or another are in primary poverty." 



A careful study was made of school children with respect especially to their 

 characteristics and abilities in comparison with the family income and living 

 conditions. In the author's oiiinion the recorded data " show emphatically that 

 the dullness and deficiency of the children, even in a rural district where every 

 advantage of good air and healthy surroundings is obtained, is mainly due to 

 malnutrition ; for though a certain proportion of dullness is found in all or 

 most classes, whether well fed or otherwise, the greatly larger percentage among 

 the children of the very poor, even where the parents are in every respect 

 satisfactory, can hardly be due to any other cause." 



The food supply [of the Pima Indians], F. Russell (Ann. Rpt. Bur. Amer. 

 EthnoL. 20 (l!)0'f-5), pp. 66-92, figs. 7).— The food used by the Pima Indians, 

 including both wild and cultivated plants and domestic and wild animals, is 

 described, and methods of preparing it and other living conditions are con- 

 sidered. Information is supplied regarding medicinal plants. An account is 

 also given of Pima agriculture which is largely dependent upon irrigation, the 

 di.scussion as a whole constituting a part of an exhaustive study of this Indian 

 tribe of southern Arizona, 



" The Pimas subsist upon a mixed diet in which vegetable food predominates. 

 In the past it would seem probable that the proportion of meat was greater than 

 at present, though they have long been tillers of the soil. . . . 



"Very few articles of Pima diet are eaten raw, and many of them are of such 

 a nature as to necessitate thorough cooking; thus the agave and the fruit of 

 some of the cacti are baked for many hours." 



Formerly corn was the principal cereal food, but-in recent years at least has 

 been " of less value to the Pimas than wheat." Cotton seed is mentioned as one 

 of the foodstuffs formerly used by these Indians. 



Horses, cattle, and poultry are included among the Pima's domestic animals. 



