VETERINARY MEDICINE. 583 



most instances circumscx'ibed areas of necrosis of the epitlielium were present. 

 For cliicliens, the substance when swallowed is irritant and toxic and often 

 results in death. 



The behavior of the leucocytes in infection and immunity, I— IV, F. W. 

 Andrews (Lancet [London]. VJIO, I, No. 26, pp. 1737-17.',,]; II, Xos. J, pp. 8-16, 

 figs. 5; 2, pp. 83-91, figs. 5; 3^- pp. 153-158, fig. 1).—A series of four lectures on 

 leucocytes delivered under the auspices of the Croouian lecture fund. 



The first lecture considers history, phagocytosis, humoral theories of Im- 

 munity, opsonin theory, aggressin theory, etc. The second deals with the func- 

 tions of the polynuclear leucocytes, the distribution of polynuclear leucocytes 

 in tlie normal body, the circulating leucocytes, leucopenia, the phenomenon of 

 initial leucopenia. the initial polynuclear leucopenia as an immunity reaction, 

 the mechanism of the leucopenia, the constitutional symptoms associated with 

 initial leucopenia, and the relation of leucopenia to anaphylaxis. 



The third lecture includes initial leucopenia in the anaphylactic animal after 

 injection of unorganized antigens, the effect of deep ether narcosis on anaphy- 

 lactic shock and leucopenia, nature of the anaphylactic state, observations on 

 immunity in the anaphylactic animal, the leucopenia of marrow exhaustion, 

 spontaneous marrow wasting in immunity, leucocytosis, the various types of 

 polynuclear leucocytosis in infections, early or initial leucocytosis, and the 

 leucocytosis of local tissue infection. The author considers the leucopenia 

 obtained after injecting intravenously living or dead bacteria an immunity 

 reaction, and that it may be a part of the condition known as anaphylactic 

 shock. He terms this phenomena " anaphylactic leucopenia." 



The fourth lecture considers the bone marrow in immunity, significance of 

 leucoblastic reaction, the humoral factor, further observations on pyogenic 

 infections, nonpyogenic infections, the varying nature of bodily defense against 

 different bacteria, observations on harmless bacteria, pyogenic cocci, the tubercle 

 bacillus, and Bacillus coli and its allies. In discussing the humoral factor the 

 author protests against the exclusive importance attached to the value of 

 determining the opsonic phenomena, as while it offers an easy method for 

 estimating the general efliciency of the mechanism as a whole it is not correct 

 to rely upon this factor as a sole index of immunity. 



Modification of the relative leucocyte content by hemoptysis, Oddo and 

 MoNiER (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 68 (1910), No. 19, pp. 9U-0Ji6).— 

 After hemoptysis the lymphocytes are increased to quite an extent, with a 

 relative diminution in the large mononuclears. The equilibrium is restored 

 somewhat after a few hours. 



Studies on endolysins, A. Pettkusson {Centhl. Balct. [etc.^, 1. AM., Grig., 

 54 {1910), No. 2, pp. 131-145; abs. in Zcntbl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 10 (1910). 

 No. 5-6, p. 268).— It washed, fresh, exudate leucocytes are injected together 

 with anthrax bacilli subcutaneously, intrapleurally, or intra peritonea lly (but 

 not intravenously) a well marked protection against culture and animal 

 bacilli is obtained. The best results are obtained with autogenous bacteria. 

 Leucocytic extracts also protect, but are weaker in this respect than the 

 leucocytes themselves. When leucocytic extracts and leucocytes are injwted the 

 protection is enhanced without producing any change in the phagocytosis. 



The significance of alexins for precipitating microbes and blood cells, 

 O. Streng (Finska Lakarcsdllsk. Fork., 1910, pp. 95-1 06 ; abs. in Zcntbl. liioclirm. 

 u. Biophys., 10 (1910), No. J,, pp. 191, J.92).— Microbes and blood cells are 

 thrown down principally by two definite substances in the serum. The agglu- 

 tinin, which combines itself directly with the cells, is specific, but the conglu- 

 tiniu is not specific and binds itself with the bacteria or blood cells only when 



