592 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



of the individually-Iieated or pipe-system boooders in large, continuous brooder- 

 houses are more satisfactoiy because of the saving of labor and economy of 

 fuel." 



The efficiency of hand separators, W. K. Brainerd and W. L. Mallory {Vir- 

 ginia 8ta. Bui. JS6, pp. 3-11), figs. JO). — This bulletin contains a discussion of 

 the different methods of separating milk and reports a trial of hand separators. 

 The authors estimate that the loss to the farmers of Virginia by the use of the 

 shallow-pan system of separation is at least $2,000,000 per annum, or more than 

 enough to furnish, each dairy farm with an efficient separator. 



Of the 8 makes of separators tested the height of the receiving can varied 

 from 39 to 50J in. The average time required to wash the machines ranged 

 from 5 minutes 20 seconds to 7 minutes 14 seconds, but the variation of time 

 .was greater with the 4 different men who washed the machines than with the 

 different makes. The power required to run the separators as determined with 

 the cradle dynamometer without water ranged from 0.038 to 0.104 horsepower; 

 with water, from 0.055 to 0.131 horsepower. The value of the disks was esti- 

 mated bj' determining the centrifugal force factor by dividing the square of the 

 velocity by the radius of the bowl, and ranged from 3.899 to 8,927. The capacity 

 per hour varied from 450 to 650 lbs. The time the milk remained in the bowl 

 varied from 4.3 seconds to 21.5 seconds. The separating force factor, obtained 

 by multiplying the centrifugal force by the time, varied from 236 to 1,335. The 

 increased capacity of each machine due to disks or internal devices, as measured 

 by the Sharpies, used as a standard of a machine without disks or internal de- 

 vices, ranged from — 136 to +537 per cent, but it is stated that these figures 

 ai'e indicative rather than positive, as the margin of efficiency and the actual 

 amount of milk in the bowls, when running, were not accurately determined. It 

 is thought that the close skimming qualities of each of the machines tested were 

 sufficient for practical purposes if the dairyman will ol)serve the rules laid down 

 by the manufacturers for the use of the machine. 



The lighting' of farmhouses, I. T. Osmond {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1909, 

 pp. 306-321, pis. 3). — Photometric tests with kerosene, gasoline, denatured alco- 

 hol, and acetylene lamps are reported and discussed. 



The number of candle power hours yielded per gallon by the various illumi- 

 nants was as follows: " Kerosene, using flat wick Ih in. wide, 700.13; kerosene, 

 using Argand (central draft) burner IJ in. diameter, 481.27; kerosene, using 

 Argand burner | in. diameter, and mantle, 1,405.42; gasoline, using pressure 

 (average) of 16 in. of fluid, 1.885.21 ; alcohol (denatured), 872; acetylene, using 

 i-ft. gas burner, per pound of carbide, 138.79. . . . 



"All kerosene lights without mantle are of very poor quality, very unlike day- 

 light, hard on the eyes, and hence likely to produce pain and nervous irritation 

 and injury to health. 



"Acetylene, gasoline, and alcohol (the first one a naked flame and the last 

 two using mantles) give light of a very much better quality than kerosene, a 

 light which in the proportions of the colors in its composition is very much more 

 like daylight. A light of good quality can be obtained, also, from kerosene, by 

 using a mantle. . . . 



" By reason of the very excellent quality of acetylene light, and taking account 

 of the eye injuries and pain and the effects on general health that may result 

 from the use of ordinary kerosene light, the former may be truly much more 

 economical than the latter, notwithstanding the greater cost per candle power 

 of acetylene. This is true, also, of alcohol light (even at present prices), by 

 reason of its very good quality." 



Directions for constructing and using a simple photometer for home measure- 

 ments of lights are given. 



