METEOROLOGY WATER. 619 



Schulze's views, referred to abo\e, aiul sui^scsts ways in whicli pond fertilizing 

 may be made profitable. 



Purification of water. J. A. Beaiduy (,1;;//. A'/./. Ilil. llcdllU I'ror. Quchc,; 

 Jo (.'909), pp. 57-71, figs. 6). — Tliis paper deals witli preliminary filtration, use 

 of submerged sand filters, percolating sand filters, and coagulent filters, ozoniza- 

 tiou, and sterilization by byi)ocblorites. 



It is stated that the use of calcium hypoclilorite for tlie purification of water 

 was first used on a large scale at Jersey City, N. J., iu 1908. The treatment 

 was very successful in freeing tlie water from organic matter which is destroyed 

 by oxygen and also from harmful forms of bacteria. One lb. of calcium hypo- 

 chlorite to 200,000 gal. of water, or a little more than 1 gr. to 26 gal. of 

 water, is sufficient to produce the desired effect. The cost of such treatment 

 is about 15 cts. per million gallons of water. 



Notes on the practical sterilization of potable waters by means of calcium 

 hypochlorite, J. C. Thresh (Pub. IfeaUli [London], 23 (1910), \o. 10. pp. 350, 

 351). — This article describes the successful use of calcium hypochlorite iu 

 sterilizing the water supply of Nashville, Tenn., Minneapolis, Minn., Montreal, 

 Canada, Harrisburg, Pa., Quincy, 111., Hartford, Conn., and Johannesberg, 

 South Africa. It is stated that the cost of this method of treatment " is so 

 infinitesimal and the results so certain that no other process is likely to prove 

 anything like so economical, and it is scarcely possible for results to be more 

 satisfactory." 



The sterilization of water by chlorin and ozone, G. S. Woodhead (Siirvcijor, 

 38 (1910), Nos. 966, pp. IU,, 115; 967, pp. 165, 166; Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 

 31 (1910), No. S, pp. 281-297).— The methods described in this article are treat- 

 ment with small quantities of bleaching powder, ozonization by the Siemens- 

 Halske process, and sterilization by means of ultraviolet rays. 



The available processes for the purification of sewage, E. Pelletier {Ann. 

 Rpt. B(l. Health Prov. Quebec, 15 (1909), pp. 10-30, figs. 22).— The processes 

 described include broad irrigation, filtration, precipitation, and biological puri- 

 fication. A successful sewage farm at St. Laui'eut College, near Montreal, is 

 described. The experience at this farm shows that broad irrigation can be 

 successfully practiced in the winter climate of this region. The author inti- 

 mates, however, that the efficiency of broad irrigation may be increased by 

 combining it wath some preliminary treatment which frees the sewage from 

 inulissolved solid matters which clog the beds. The apparatus used in the 

 various processes in quite fully described and illustrated. 



Purification of Leicester sewage by sedimentation tanks, single contact 

 beds, and broad irrigation on clay land, E. G. Mawbev (Jniir. Ron. l^anit. 

 Inst., 31 (1910), No. 6, pp. 177-193, figs. 6).— It is stated that the system of 

 treatment of sewage at Leicester consists of clarification by sedimentation 

 tanks and single contact beds and final purification by broad irrigation on 

 heavy clay land. 



Broad irrigation is practiced upon 1,234 acres, of which 230 acres are in 

 cultivation, 274 acres in rye grass, and 730 acres in old pasture. The surface 

 soil varies from about 6 to 12 in. in depth underlaid by from 2* to 3^ ft. of 

 yellow clay resting on hard bowlder clay. Efficient itiirification was secured 

 by dividing the area into separate fields having independent systems of drainage 

 and receiving separate treatment. About 1,00(» head of cattle are aiuiually 

 fed on the land, which also sui)plies a considerable amount of additional forage. 



The agricultural use and value of sewage, .1. A. Voelckek (Sun-ei/or, 38 

 (1910), No. .%■'/. pp. 50, 51; Muniripal lour, and Engin.. 29 (1910), No. 5, pp. 

 150, ioi).— This article points out that the agricultural utilization of sewage 



