RUEAL ECONOMICS. 795 



l)oint of view is for the State to assist tlie fann laborer to bfcoiue the owner 

 of a small holding, since the sense of ownership is one of the strongest ties for 

 retaining the rural population on the land. 



The papers are followed by a discussion. 



The economic limits of intensive culture in agriculture, B. Skalweit (Die 

 OkoiiODiiscJien (Irenzen (lev I)itcnsiricrini(j dcr Laiidirirticlnift. Berlin, 1909, 

 pp. 76). — The results of investigations as made by the author from an examina- 

 tion of the accounts as kept on 35 excellently managed farms in middle and 

 north Germany are reported. 



The outlook for Vermont farming, E. S. Brigham (Ann. Rpt. Comr. Affr. 

 17., 1 {1909), pp. 155-163). — The author reviews agricultural conditions in Ver- 

 mont and believes that the outlook for the future is hopeful if there can be a 

 better organization of the farms resulting in more economic production of goods, 

 more cooi)eration and united effort on the part of farmers in the purchase of 

 supplies and sale of products, better roads as means of communication, and a 

 broader education in the schools and in the technique of agriculture. 



A New York farm bureau (Breeder's Gaz., 58 (1910), No. 2, p. 59). — Notes 

 are given on the organization and lines of work planned by a farm bureau organ- 

 ized and conducted by the Binghamton Chamber of Commerce for locating farm 

 laborers and encouraging agriculture In southern New York. 



Cooperation among farmers, E. M. Tousley (1910, pp. 16). — The ethical prin- 

 ciples involved in cooiieratiou are discussed in this address, delivered before the 

 thirty-seventh annual meeting of the New Jersey State Board of Agriculture at 

 Trenton, January 19-21, 1910. 



Why agricultural cooperation often fails {^VaUaces'' Farmer, 35 (1910), No. 

 31, p. 10.'i3). — The causes of failure mentioned in this article are the unwilling- 

 ness of cooperators to employ men of business ability and pay the market price 

 for it, to follow the leaders of their own choosing and cooperate with them irre- 

 spective of personal likes or dislikes, and to forego present and temporary 

 advantage for the sake of future and more permanent advantage. 



Report of the Irish Agricultural Organization Society, Limited, T. A. 

 FiNLAY and R. A. Anderson (Rpt. Irish Agr. Organ. Soc, 1909, pp. 113). — De- 

 tailed statistical data and discussions of the work of the affiliated cooperative 

 organizations for the year ended June 30, 1909, ai"e given. The number of 

 societies on that date was 893, as compared with 941 in the preceding year 

 (E. S. R., 20, p. 1196), but this apparent decrease is due to the fact that 83 

 societies were dropped from the register because they did not furnish evidence 

 of activity to the general society. The organization now includes 358 cream- 

 eries, 172 agricultural societies, 270 credit, 25 poultry, 12 flax. 36 home indus- 

 tries, 3 beekeepers, and 13 miscellaneous societies, and 4 federations. 



Agricultural associations in France, D. B. Mason (Daily Cons, and Trade 

 Rpts. [U. S.], n. ser.. 1 (1910), No. 16, pp. 201-203).— yidtes are given on the or- 

 ganization and work of the two principal cooperative unions of agricultural 

 societies in France, with a discussion of the influence these soceties have ex- 

 erted under the stimulus of government aid to promote the prosperity of agri- 

 culture in France. 



Farmer leagues in Germany, A. W. Thackara (Weekly Cons, and Trade 

 Rpts. [U. -S'.], 1 (1910), No. 18, pp. 817-822; Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 

 1910, No. 357, pt. 2, pp. 51-56). — This article describes the organization, work, 

 and economic results of the two leading agricultural cooi)erative unions of farm- 

 ers' societies in Germany, namely, the Imperial Union of Agricultural Societies 

 and the General Union of Agricultural Societies. Th(> data reported and dis- 

 cussed im-lnde the number of attiliattMl societies, membership, assets and lia- 

 bilities, loans, deiwsits of members, cost of administration, value of purchases. 



