270 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. 



warmed to the temperature of fresh milk. The calves were fed whole milk 

 until four weeks old, when a gradual substitution was made of the emulsion 

 until eight weeks old. They were then fed entirely on the milk emulsion, with 

 a gradual substitution of separated milk at three months of age, when the 

 calves were receiving approximately 2^ gal. per head daily. The average weight 

 at three mouths of calves fed in this manner was 297.5 lbs. per head, while 

 calves fed whole milk weighed 248.2 lbs. ; at four months the weights were 380 

 and 305 lbs., respectively. 



Notes on deg-eneration in the teeth of oxen and sheep, J. W. Jackson (Ann. 

 and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8. ser., 15 (1915), No. 87, pp. 291-295).— The author com- 

 ments on the absence of the first lower premolar tooth in the jaws of oxen 

 often found among animal remains. This feature is thought to be due to disuse, 

 probably through change of food or habit under domestication. 



The woolgrower and the wool trade, F. R. Marshall and L. L. Heller 

 (U. iS'. Dept. Agr. Bui. 206 {1915), pp. 32, pis. 11, fig. i).— The items discussed 

 in this bulletin are present methods of disiiosing of wool by the growers, factors 

 that determine the value of wool, wool grading, market grades, sorting wool, 

 pounds of wool per pound of cloth, the need of improvement in handling American 

 wools, how American methods of handling wool may be improved, and funda- 

 mental rules for the wool trade. A g^pssary of terms used in the wool trade 

 is appended. 



Suggestions from Australasia to American sheep raisers, F. R. Marshall 

 (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Yearbook IDl-'f. pp. 3 J 9-338, ?>?.s\ 2, fig. 1). — The American and 

 Australasian attitudes toward sheep raising are compared, on the basis of a visit 

 in 1914 to Australia and New Zealand, and suggestions given for the improve- 

 ment of the manner of disposing of the wool clip and the breeding of sheep 

 in this country. 



It is said that the Australian's idea of what constitutes an economical wool- 

 producing animal is governed not by the price per pound received for the 

 greasy wool, nor by the weight of the fleece, but by the total value of wool 

 produced per acre of land. The type of wool is closely associated with the 

 type of sheep, and the type of sheep must be varied to withstand regional 

 variations in altitude, temperature, rainfall, and vegetation. The general 

 effort in Australia to-day is to produce a wool which, compared with what is 

 aimed at by American woolgrowers, is decidedly longer and coarser. It is 

 argued that the larger framed and stronger constituted sheep that produce 

 this robust wool suffer less from heat, drought, and scant feed than do the. 

 smaller and less vigorous producers of ultrafine wool. The newer type also 

 has fewer skin folds on the body and is easier to shear. This robust wool is 

 lighter in oil than are the finer wools and possesses a whiteness and an 

 attractive character not easy to secure when fineness is paramount. The gain 

 in the amount of wool produced per acre by the robust-wooled sheep more 

 than offsets the extra price that has commonly been paid in the markets for 

 the very fine wools. Other claims for the robust wool are that it retains its 

 character in bad seasons or in a hard country, that it is not so easily pulled 

 off on bushes, and that it is less likely to shed from sheep in low condition or 

 poor health. 



Methods of preparing wool for market in Australia are deemed far in 

 advance of those used in the United States. It is said that because of their 

 pdor preparation American wools bring less per pound than imported wools 

 of similar character. This is substantiated by showing the results of sorting 

 and scouring two lots of wool — one grown in Idaho, the other imported. 

 What remained of the Idaho wool after sorting and scouring was considered 



