VETERINARY MEDICINE. 85 



ticrc, 16 (Wl.'f), No. 3, pp. 187-194). — No tubercle bacilli could be noted in the 

 blood of 50 tuberculous cows, 3 to 14 years old, under ordinary conditions, dur- 

 ing the febrile stage, or after subcutaneous injections of tuberculin. Conse- 

 qently, there seeras to be no reason to suspect that there is great danger of 

 liberating tubercle bacilli as a result of injecting tuberculin and causing infec- 

 tion of the blood. 



Tuberculosis, J. M'Fadyean {Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 2t {19H), No. 

 3, pp. 218-234). — ^A discussion of the measures which ought to be put in force 

 against tuberculosis, prefaced by a short examination of the evidence for and 

 against the view that the disease is transmissible to man. The subject is dealt 

 with under the headings of transmissibility of bovine tuberculosis to man ; 

 types of tubercle bacilli ; the eradication of bovine tuberculosis ; measures 

 necessary to safeguard human health ; and measures to be taken against breed- 

 ing cattle which have reacted to tuberculin, from the point of view of interna- 

 tional trade. 



" There is one, and only one, method by which tuberculosis can be eradicated 

 from a herd, namely, that which relies upon the systematic use of tuberculin 

 for diagnosis, and which requires the permanent separation of noureacting 

 animals from those which have not been tested or which have reacted." 



Tuberculosis, O. Malm (Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 27 (191-'/), No. 3, pp. 

 234-237). — A reply to the above, and a discussion in regard to the effectiveness 

 of the various systems for eradicating tuberculosis and the results of com- 

 bating tuberculosis in Norway, where the system is said to be more rigorous 

 than in any other country. 



" The herds in Norway number somewhere about 160.000, and the number 

 of cattle about 1,000.000. The herds are thus small, many of but from one to 

 four head, and most between 10 and 20 animals; only a few herds number up 

 to 100 and more. It is clear that in herds that are small and which largely 

 live on extensive mountain pastures tuberculosis must be comparatively rare, 

 and that, therefore, the expenses for the owners in isolating, cleansing the 

 buildings, and slaughtering tuberculous animals must be much smaller than 

 they would be where herds are large and exclusively kept in the cattle houses. 

 Still another peculiarity must be noted in the case of Norway. Norwegians 

 are accustomed to drink raw milk, and in the towns milk guarantied free from 

 tuberculosis would command the preference. . . . 



" Since 1S95 up to the end of 1913 there have been tested altogether in Nor- 

 way 39,672 herds and 324,422 animals ; that is, from about 1,500 to 3,500 herds 

 and from about 12,000 to about 27,000 animals each year. In 1897, of 2,136 

 herds, tuberculosis was found in 577, or about 27 per cent, and of 24,765 

 beasts 2,056 were tuberculous, or about 8.3 per cent. The number of infected 

 herds and animals has subsequently decreased for each year in such wise that 

 in 1912, of 3,463 herds tested, tuberculosis was found in only 288, equal to 8.3 

 per cent, and of 20,439 animals only 829 reacted, or about 4.8 per cent." 



Tuberculosis is decreasing amongst cattle in the districts where breeding is 

 most advanced. The subcutaneous test is believed to be as good as infallible. 

 Milk pasteurized at 85° C. is inferior from a nutritive point of view. 



It is not believed that under natural circumstances the types of tubercle 

 bacilli are independently perpetuated. " Experience seems to show that the 

 glandular form of children's tuberculosis, which also in a greater or smaller 

 number of cases Is due to bovine infection, is most often of a benign character, 

 and that it is only in few instances that it goes on to a malignant form or 

 terminates as a chronic pulmonary consumption in the adult. As not all the 

 tuberculous children die, but many live and retain their tuberculosis until 



