VETERINABY MEDICINE. 81 



it is believed possible to increase the yield by prolonging the freezing process, 

 and thus incorporating the air into the cream to which the filler has been added. 



Sanitary code for ice cream manufactories ([Cohojihiis]. Ohio: A(/r. Com. 

 Ohio, Bureau, of Dairies, 19U, lyp. 4).— This gives the sanitary code of Ohio 

 for ice-cream manufactories. 



Method of making Swedish Emmental and large-celled Swedish Estate 

 cheese, L. F. Rosengren {Ccniralanst. Jordhruksfijrsdk Flijohl., Jf7 (1914), pp. 

 7, fii/s. 6). — The author gives detailed directions for the making of these two 

 varieties of cheese, and discusses various factors which influence the texture 

 of the cheese, notably the feed and the quality of the milk. 



Fat content standards for Danish types of cheese, Orla- Jensen (Milchic. 

 ZentbL, 43 {19 W, No. 22, pp. 540-5 Jf2) .—This article discusses the fat content 

 of various types of Danish cheese. 



Fat content in the dry matter of various sorts of Italian cheese, G. 

 Fascetti {Milcliw. ZentU., 43 {1914), No. 22, pp. 538-540) .—This article dis- 

 cusses the fat content of Grana, Gorgonzola, and other types of Italian cheese. 



Fat content of Swiss Emmental cheese, R. Bubei {Milchw. ZentbL, 4^ 

 {1914), No. 23. pp. 556-558). — Analyses taken of 641 samples of Swiss Em- 

 mental cheese show that the average fat content in the dry matter ranges 

 between 45 and 50 per cent, although some samples test as low as 40 per cent. 



VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 



An analysis of the problem of the rainimal lethal dose and its relation- 

 ship to the time factor, G. Dreyer and E. W. A. Walker (Biochem. Ztschr., 

 60 {1914), No. 2-3, pp. 112-130; ahs. in Lancet [London], 1914, I, No. 15, pp. 

 1023-1027; Jour, Amer. Med. Assoc., 62 {1914), No. 19, p. 1509).— "In warm- 

 blooded animals dosage {D) must be calculated in relation to the body surface 



according to the expression D— ^^^ -^ , where D is the 'surface dose' of the 



drug, toxin, or antitoxic substance used, d represents the actual quantity ad- 

 ministered, and W is the weight of the animal in grams. No method, however, 

 at present exists by which a true comparison of the relative toxicity of different 

 substances (or of dilferent samples of the same substance) can be instituted. 

 The methods hitherto employed depend on the selection of an arbitrarily fixed 

 weight of animal and lethal time, and do not aft'ord a rational basis for the 

 accurate measurement and standardization of drugs, toxins, and antitoxins. 



"The formula here proposed, viz, Yt ;;~"n — 7,=HTo—Ti), offers a simple 



x-'q — (I J-^/ — a 



means of making such measurements. In this formula Do and Di are the con- 

 centrations of the drug or surface doses, corresponding to the times Tq and T i in 

 which the death of the animal (or other desired effect) occurs; a is a figure 

 representing the ' noneffective ' dose of the substance employed, and Ic is a 

 constant to be determined for the particular substance and species of animal 

 under investigation. The formula states that to every equal increment in time 

 there corresponds a definite decrease in the ' active dose' {D — a). 



" This formula is here shown to afford a satisfactory expression for all the 

 varied and diverse experimental data to which it has been applied. The use 

 of the formula renders it possible not only to carry out the comparison desired, 

 but also to make use of animals of every size over a wide range of weight within 

 a species, and all observed death times, in the standardization of toxic sub- 

 stances, antitoxins, and the like. By this means a great saving both of time 



