RURAL ENGINEERING. 



289 



One not experienced in tlais liind of worli should not take the responsibility of 

 planning any considerable expenditure for drainage. . , . Construction work 

 should be carefully done, under the supervision of some one at least qualified 

 to see that the tile are laid according to the grades established by the engineer 

 who planned the work. . . . The fertility of the soil should be assured before 

 drainage is planned and if any elenaent of i)lant food is lacking the cost of 

 supplying it must be reckoned." 



Clean water and how to get it on the farm, R. W. Tkullingek ( U. S. Dept. 

 Agr. Yearbook 1914, pp. 139-156, pis. 3, figs. 4).— This article discusses the 

 sanitary aspects of farm water supplies, illustrates good and bad well and 

 spring surroundings, gives information regarding the protection of farm water 

 supplies from contamination, and describes convenient methods for obtaining 

 running water in the house. A report by the author dealing in part with the 

 same subject has been previously noted (E. S. It., 30, p. 090). 



Annual report on highway improvement, Ontario, 1913, W. A. :McLean 

 (Ann. Rpi. Highway Imp. Out., 1913, pp. 62, figs. ;^//).— This report deals with 

 model and experimental roads, road models, road machinery, specifications for 

 road machinery, concrete roads, and pavements in Ontario, and township road 

 administration. 



As regards grading machines, it is stated that they are of greatest value in 

 purely agricultural districts, working constantly in uniform clay, loam, and 

 sandy soils. Steam rollers are considered a necessity wherever broken-stone 

 roads are being built, 10-ton rollers being the best for ordinary country use. 

 It is stated that traction haulage, displacing horses, for hauls of 2 miles or 

 over shows distinct economy, in some cases reducing by one-half the cost of 

 hauling gravel and stone. The objections presented to concrete as a material 

 for roads are that the surface is too hard to give a proper foothold for horses, 

 it is rigid and hard on their feet, it reflects heat, it has an unpleasant glare, 

 it is brittle, expansion joints chip at the angles and under constant traffic 

 deepen to holes, and cracks are unavoidable and difficult to repair. On the 

 other hand, concrete for pavements is said to be low in first cost as compared 

 with other high-class pavements, and is one of the cheapest materials yet 

 available for a permanent pavement or roadway. 



The present concrete road practice in Ontario is said to favor one-course 

 construction, rich in cement, coupled with careful drainage of the subsoil. 



Traflac factors, J. Eastwood (Surveyor. ^6 (1914), No. 1185, pp. 408-412).— 

 The author deals with the conditions influencing the value of coefficients of 

 I)otential damaging eftect under English conditions and reports a traffic census 

 on two roads, from the results of which he proposes factors for certain classes 

 of traffic for both macadam and paved roads as shown in the following table: 



Proposed traffic factors. 



Kind of traffic. 



Macadamized 

 roads. 



Level. Steep 



York stone 

 paving. 



Level. Steep 



Granite. 



Level. Steep, 



Led or ridden horses 



Single-horse vehicles (lit'ht) . 

 Single-horse vehicles (heavy) 

 Two-horsfc vehicles (light). . . 

 Two-horse vehicles (heavy). . 



Three-horse vehicles 



Four-or-more-horse vehicles. 



Motorcycles 



Motor cars 



Motor wagons (rubber tires). 

 Motor wagons (steel tires) 



h 

 1 

 2 

 2 

 3 

 3* 



4 



X 



li 



2* 

 20 



1 



I' 

 

 i 

 1' 

 20 







20 



