356 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



fish-Oil soap to 50 gal. of water all the nymphs and 95 per cent of the adults 

 were killed. 



Leaf hoppers of Maine, H. Osbobn (Maine Sta. Bui. 238 {1915), pp. 81-160, 

 Jigs. 25). — This report deals mainly with the leafhoppers proper or Jassoidea 

 which includes the families Tettigoniellidse, Jassidae. Bythoscopidte, and Typhlo- 

 cybidse. It is pointed out that the principal economic importance of leaf- 

 hoppers is due to their attacks upon oats, timothy, wheat, and other cereal and 

 forage crops, fruits of various kinds, and forest and shade trees. The author 

 here deals with 153 forms, representing 34 genera, of which 12 species are de- 

 scribed as new to science. Brief descriptions are given of the species with 

 records of their occurrence in the State. 



The species found by the author as being most in evidence in meadows and 

 grasslands in Maine are Cicadula 6-notata, Deltocephalus inimicus, D. con- 

 flgiiratus, AcocephaJus striatus, Drwculacephala moUipcs, D. anguUfera, and D. 

 novehoracensis. The species affecting fruit and garden crops are more com- 

 monly noticed, particular mention being made of the damage caused by the 

 grape leafhopper (Typhlocyba comes) and by the apple leafhopper which affects 

 not only apples but quite commonly such crops as potatoes, beans, and other 

 garden crops. 



Methods of control are briefly considered under the headings of crop rotation, 

 clean culture, mowing, burning, spraying, and the use of the hopperdozer. 

 Keys to the families of Jassoidea and to the genera of these families are in- 

 eluded. 



The sharp-headed grain leafhopper, E. H. Gibson (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 

 254 {1915), pp. 16, fig. 1). — ^The data here presented are based upon an entire 

 season's work in the Salt River Valley, Arizona, during 1914, together with 

 occasional observations elsewhere. The most extended account of this species 

 previously published is that by Osborn in a bulletin previously noted (E. S. E.., 

 27, p. 858). The present paper, which supplements that account, includes 

 quotations therefrom. 



The greatest damage caused by this leafhopper is to young and tender grain 

 crops by the nymphs and adults during the fall and early spring months. The 

 greatest injury to corn and other crops is done during the summer months, 

 while that to alfalfa will probably always be very slight on account of its 

 rapid growth. Ordinarily the feeding of the nymphs is more injurious to a 

 plant than that of the adults, because they are present in greater numbers. 

 Injury is also produced by the adult female by puncturing and constructing 

 pockets in the leaves and stems for oviposition. 



This jassid has an extremely wide distribution, ranging from the Atlantic to 

 the Pacific and from the strictly boreal portions of Canada south into Mexico. 

 The author has taken the nymphs and adults in large numbers from wheat, 

 barley, oats, alfalfa, bur clover (Medicago denticulata) , sour clover (Melilotus 

 indica), Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), wall barley (Hordeum murinum), 

 and many other native grasses of the South and Southwest. 



Five nymphal iustars have been observed, descriptions of which are presented. 

 The incubation period of the egg in southern Arizona was found to vary from 

 3 to 35 days, with an avei-age of 12 days. Observations at Tempo, Ariz., show 

 the length of the nymphal stage to vary from 20 to 51 days. While Osborn has 

 stated that hibernation seems to occur in all stages from egg to adult, although 

 the great majority must pass the winter in the egg stage, the author has as yet 

 failed to find other than the adult stage to do so. He concludes that it is safe 

 to assume that the species winters over principally in the adult stage through- 

 out the Southern States, and that in all probability the same holds true 

 throughout the country. 



