62 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. 



In this work particular atteiation was given to tlie time of appearance of the 

 different broods at various altitudes and latitudes. The work was conducted 

 by selecting for banding from 10 to 15 unsprayed bearing apple trees of the 

 late-ripening varieties in each of the several localities in the States above 

 mentioue<l. Bands applied to the trees in the spring before the first brood 

 larvse commenced to leave the fruit were i*emoved and examined at intervals 

 of a week or 10 days and the larvse taken from them, counted, and placed in 

 rearing jars and records kept of their transformation. During the course of 

 the work more than 20,000 larv?e were collected and placed in jars for rearing, 

 examinations being made every week or 10 days. Much of the data relating 

 to these investigations are presented in tabular and diagrammatic form. 



During a single year the codling moth in the region covered by the present 

 studies produces one full brood of larvte and a partial second brood, the size 

 of the second brood depending more or less on the latitude and altitude of the 

 locality. There seems, however, to be no constant rate of difference between 

 the earlier and later localities, due largely to the responsiveness of the species 

 during its metamorphic changes to local and transient weather conditions. 



" During the time of the investigations the first brood larvae began entering 

 the fruit at Charlottesville from April 28 to May 15, and second-brood larvjB 

 from June 25 to July 1. At Pickens first-brood larvje began entering the fruit 

 from June 20 to July 1, and second-brood larvfe about August 10. Between 

 these two localities thei'e is a greater difference in the time of the regular 

 periodical changes of the insect that occur late in the season than of those 

 that occur early in the season. This is probably due to the cumulative retard- 

 ing effect of the more frequent unfavorable weather conditions at the higher 

 point. . . . Records of the numbers of larvfe collected from trees on which 

 bands were placed around the trunks and also around the bases of the larger 

 branches indicate that 41.49 per cent drop to the ground and then ascend the 

 trunk to pupate and 5S.51 per cent crawl down the branches from the infested 

 fruit to pupate. , . . 



"Two specimens of ants (8oleno2)sis molesta and Lasius niger americana) 

 were found in several localities devouring codling-moth larva;. Larvje and 

 adults of the beetle Tenehroides corticalis were found frequently feeding on 

 codling-moth larvae and pupa*. Six species of hymenopterous and one of dip- 

 terous parasites were reared in the jars. Of these the most destructive to the 

 codling moth were Ascogaster carpocapsce and Itoplcctis marginatus. Hair- 

 worm parasites {Mermis sp.) were abundant in one locality and very mate- 

 rially reduced the number of wintering larvae in the year 1911." 



Th.e spring- canker worm situation in Kansas, G. A. Dean (Kansas 8ta. 

 Circ. JfG {1915), pp. 1, figs. 7). — ^This circular describes methods of control for 

 the spring cankerworm, the ravages of which in Kansas have extended over 

 a period of several years. This pest is said to have killed more apple trees in 

 Kansas in a single season than the San Jose scale has killed during its entire 

 history as a pest in the State. 



The true clothes moths, C. L. Marlatt (Z7. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers'' But. 

 659 (1915), pp. 8, figs. S).—A reprint, with slight revision, of Circular 3G of 

 the Bureau of Entomology, previously noted (E. S. R., 10, p. G55). 



The root maggot pest, E. B. Stookky (Washington 8ta., West. Wash. Sta. 

 Mo. Bui., 2 (1915), No. 12, pp. 2-8, figs. C).— The damage caused by the root 

 maggot is said to have been so great in the State of Washington during the 

 past few years that many growers have almost given up growing radishes, 

 cabbages, and like plants. A brief rojwrt of treatments in the experimental 

 control of the pest is given, the results of which agree in general with those 



