RURAL ECONOMICS. 491 



of farming wblch would make his farm self-supporting. Bankers and merchants 

 should, in his opinion, alter their present system of giving credit upon the basis 

 of the farmer devoting a certain acreage to a single crop to the requirement that 

 the farmer establish a diversified system. 



Rural cooperation in the sandhill section of North. Carolina, R. A. Dekby 

 (Market World and Chron., n. ser., 9 {1915), No. 20, pp. 630-632). — There is in 

 this community a federated board of trade composed of the local boards of the 

 17 towns in the league. This article describes the methods employed by the 

 federated board in developing the agricultural interest of the community by 

 means of exhibits, a better school system, and the establishment of marketing 

 and warehouse facilities. 



Cooperation and the great war, G. R. Carter (Cooperation Agr. [London], 

 11 (1915), No. 5, pp. 77-83).— The author of this article believes that the 

 greater the degree of self-sufficiency possessed by cooperative industrial socie- 

 ties through the resources of wholesale societies, the more stable the position of 

 the cooperator as a consumer. The strength of the latter is apparent if he is 

 able to draw upon the resources of the farmer, the manufacturer, the banker, 

 and the commercial agent entirely through the cooperative connections of his 

 society. 



The Muscovite Union of cooperative distributive societies and rural dis- 

 tributive cooperation in Russia {Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Econ. 

 and Soc. Intel., 6 (1915), No. 4, pp. 16-34). — According to the author, of the 

 total number of distributive societies in Russia on January 1, 1912, 4,716, or 

 70.1 per cent, could be classified as rural cooperative distributing societies. Be- 

 tween 1865 and 1912, 7,626 societies had been established, one-eighth of which 

 had been dissolved. The functions of the societies are classified under the 

 following heads: (1) Commercial, where the union seeks to concentrate in its 

 hands the capital and orders of the separate cooperative societies, to effect 

 purchases in common on the best and cheapest conditions possible, and to 

 eliminate useless intermediaries between producers and purchasers; (2) pro- 

 duction, where the union proposes, by opening cooperative workshops and fac- 

 tories, to encoux'age production by its members, and to organize sales in such a 

 way as to prevent as far as possible purchases independent of it; and (3) non- 

 economic, where the union seeks to diffuse the idea of cooperation and the 

 knowledge required for the practical realization of this idea. 



The author also discusses the development of these societies and the amount 

 of business transacted. 



Suggested lines of cooperative production, W. W. Thomson (Saskatchewan 

 Dept. Agr. Cooper. Organ. Branch Bui. 42 (1914), pp. 24, figs. 2). — This bulletin 

 describes the essentials for successful organization of community breeding asso- 

 ciations, seed-growing centers, cooperative egg circles, and beef rings, and gives 

 suggested constitutions and by-laws. 



Cooperative live stock marketing, W. "W. Thomson (Saskatchewan Dept. 

 Agr. Cooper. Organ. Branch Bui. 41 (1914), pp. 30). — The author outlines the 

 advantages of cooperative marketing associations and points out methods of 

 organization and operating. This bulletin also contains a suggested constitu- 

 tion and by-laws, forms used in accounting, and a brief description of markets 

 for Saskatchewan live stock. 



Studies in the marketing of farm products, L. D. H. Weld (Univ. Minn. 

 Studies Soc. Sci., No. 4 (1915), pp. 113, pis. 2, figs. 14). — This publication con- 

 tains a series of articles concerning the following subjects: Market Distribution, 

 by L. D. H. Weld (E. S. R., 33, p. 293) ; The Marketing of Live-Stock Products 

 in Minnesota, by K. F. Warner; Cooperative Potato Marketing in Minnesota, 



