ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 457 



and fruit. Although it is widely distributed throughout the United States, hav- 

 ing also been recorded from wild grape, myrtle, and basswood, and observed by 

 the author on blueberry and inkberry, previous to its discovery on cranberry it 

 was not regarded as of economic importance. The injury occurs mainly on sandy 

 lands or savannas, where the root system of the vines is not so extensive as on 

 muck or peat bottoms. 



" The beetles appear in numbers about tlie end of June, deposit eggs in the soil, 

 and die before fall. The larvfe feed on the fibrous roots and bark of the larger 

 roots until late fall, when they hibernate in cells formed in the soil. Some 

 spring feeding of the larvjB occurs. Pupation commences early in June, the 

 average duration of the stage being 14.5 days. 



" No satisfactory practice in the use of the winter flowage or the spring re- 

 flowage to exterminate an infestation of larvfe or pupae has been developed. 

 Invigorating the \anes by the application of fertilizers or sand promises excellent 

 results." 



A list of eight references to the literature is included. 



The Calosoma beetle (Calosoma sycophanta) in New England, A. F. Bur- 

 gess and C. W. Collins (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 251 {1915), pp. 40, pis. 8, figs. 

 3). — This account is supplementary to that by Burgess, previously noted (E. S. 

 R., 26, p. 350). Among the phases considered are methods of packing beetles 

 for shipment, the native home of C. sycophanta and hosts attacked, equipment 

 used for rearing predaceous beetles, data relating to the life history of C. 

 sycophanta, natural enemies, colonization, dispersion, etc. This predaceous 

 beetle has now become firmly established in New England and has already 

 demonstrated that it is a very important factor in the control of the gipsy moth 

 by natural enemies. The results of 1914 indicate that it is the most important 

 single natural enemy of the gipsy moth. It continues to spread each year and 

 in all probability will soon be present throughout the entire territory where the 

 gipsy moth is known to occur. 



The Parandra borer as an orchard enemy, F. E. Brooks {U. S. Dept. Agr. 

 Bui. 262 {1915), pp. 7, pis. 4)- — This paper relates to Parandra hrunnea, a 

 cerambycid which has attracted considerable attention during the past few 

 years as an enemy of trees of several widely separated species and of chestnut 

 telephone and telegraph poles. An account of its injury to telephone and 

 telegraph poles by Snyder has been previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 51). 



The characteristic injury of the insect to trees is in the form of a multitude 

 of tortuous larval galleries extending through a more or less restricted portion 

 of the trunk or larger branches. Its most destructive attacks usually occur 

 in the trunk within a few feet of the ground, the work being followed quickly 

 by decay of the affected wood and frequently by the breaking down of the tree 

 at the point of greatest injury. Cultivated fruit trees are often injured, old 

 apple, pear, and cherry trees being especially liable to attack. Hollow bases 

 and decaying areas and cavities in the trunk and the consequent breaking and 

 falling of weakened trees under the pressure of wind and snow are conditions 

 quite commonly due in a large measure to the work of this insect. 



Records indicate that it may be found over the greater part of temperate 

 North America. It is one of several species of borers from w^hich trees are in 

 very little danger of injury as long as they are kept in sound and vigorous 

 condition. It enters the wood from dead or decaying places on the surface and 

 is probably never found in trees whose trvmks and larger branches are entirely 

 covered with healthy bark. 



The eggs, which are placed in small punctures in the surface wood of dead 

 spots, hatch in from two to three weeks. The larvae mine throughout the wood 

 for a period of probably three years, extending their galleries upward more 



