ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 459 



could be raked up and burned between September 1 and May 1, a very appre- 

 ciable reduction of the infestation and damage might result. " In the case of 

 sugar pine all infested cones will be found on the ground under the trees during 

 this period and, when the conditions seem to warrant it. burning may be done 

 without great expense. September, October, and November would be the more 

 favorable months for the work, as winter snow and unfavorable conditions for 

 burning will probably be found during the winter and spring. 



" Seed collectors in locating areas for collecting may estimate the amount of 

 cone-beetle damage on the trees by July 15, in some situations a month sooner, 

 as the blighted cones by that time begin to stand out conspicuously on the trees. 

 From these estimates the collector may determine whether or not the seed 

 crop of the current year is too badly damaged to be profitably collected." 



Porto Rican beekeeping, E. F. Phillips (Porto Rico Sta. Bill. 15 {1915), 

 Spanish ed., pp. 28, pis. 2). — ^A Spanish edition of the bulletin previously noted 

 (E. S. R., 31. p. 354). 



The silverfish; an injurious household insect, C. L. Maelatt (Z7. S'. Dept. 

 Agr., Farmers' Bui. 681 {1915), pp. If, figs. 2).— A revision of Circular 49 of the 

 Bureau of Entomology, previously noted (E. S. R., 14, 374). 



The entomogenous fung-i of Porto Rico, J. R. Johnston {Porto Rico Bd. 

 Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 10 (1915), pp. 33, pis. 9, fig. 1).—The author here presents 

 descriptions of the kno^Ti entomogenous fungi of Porto Rico, based upon col- 

 lections and observations commenced in 1910. These thus described are the 

 aphis fungus (Acrostalagmus alhus) ; the brown fungus (.^gerita webberi) ; 

 the Aschersonia group, including the red fungus of the white fly (A. aleyrodis), 

 the top-shaped Aschersonia (A. turlinata), the lemon-yellow fungus of the 

 white fly (A. flavo-citrina and Aschersonia sp.) ; the mealy bug fungus 

 {Aspergillus fiavus) ; the green fungus of the grass worm (Botrytis rileyi) ; 

 the shield scale fungus (CepJialosporium lecanii) ; the Cordyceps group; the 

 Entomophthora group, including the brown-tail moth fungus (E. anlicw), 

 Empusa on mealy bugs (Empusa fresenii), and Empusa on the grass worm 

 (Empusa sp.) ; the Gibellula spider fungus (Gibellula arachnophila) ; the 

 Isaria group, including Cordyceps Mrberi and the white mealy bug fungus 

 (Isaria sp.) ; the green muscardine (Metarrhvzium anisoplios) ; the black fun- 

 gus of scale insects (Myrianginm duricei) ; the white headed fungus on scales 

 (Scoleconectria coccicola) ; the red headed fungus on scales (SpJicerostilbe 

 coccophila) ; and the cinnamon fungus (VerticiUium heterocladum) . 



A bibliography of ten titles relating to the subject is included. 



Variation in Oxyurias: Its bearing on the value of a nematode formula, 

 S. B. Frackeb (Jour. Parasitology, 1 (1914), No. 1, pp. 22-30, fig. i).— The 

 author flnds that the proportionate size of the organs in Nematoda is an im- 

 portant factor in their identification and emphasizes the importance of stating 

 . it in the description of new species. 



" The locations of the cephalic parts of the alimentary canal tend to vary 

 from 1 to 4 per cent, about one-third of the maximum, in Oxyurias vermicularis. 

 The location of the vulva probably varies at least 15 per cent in a long series 

 of individuals. The location of the anus varies over 7 per cent, or about one- 

 third of the length of the tail. Variations in width are so great that some indi- 

 viduals are over twice as wide as others. The length of the body of some indi- 

 viduals is one-third greater than that of others. The use of the formula is 

 likely to yield more confusion than assistance. It is impossible to indicate 

 the observed range, and without that the numbers are meaningless. Carrying 

 the measurement to 0.1 per cent gives an appearance of accuracy which does 

 not exist. The formula is likely to result in the multiplication of so-called 

 species without a proper basis for their separation. 



