HORTICULTUKE. 141 



profitable. About 30 per cent of the bearing orchards have been in sod for 5 

 years or more. Sod orchards are pastured chiefly by hogs. Sheep are used 

 to a considerable extent. The data secured indicate that it pays to fertilize 

 orchards and that a combination of manure and commercial fertilizer is the 

 most profitable. 



Seventy-five per cent of the orchards are pruned in the spring and annual 

 pruning is practiced in 62.5 per cent. 



The chief orchard insect pests are the codling moth and San Jose scale and 

 the most prevalent diseases are cedar rust and bitter rot. Forty per cent of 

 the orchards are sprayed three times and 10.4 per cent are never sprayed. 

 Lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead is the mixture generally used. Spraying 

 orchards three times produced an average income of $101.13 per acre. Orchards 

 sprayed twice yielded an increase of $69.20 per acre, while orchards sprayed 

 once gave practically the same results as unsprayed orchards, viz, $39.32 for 

 the former and $39.38 in the latter instance. 



Fire pots as a protection against frost, M. B. Davis (Affr. Gaz. Canada, 

 2 (1915), No. 1, pp. 9-13. fig. 1). — ^As the result of a test of fire pots conducted 

 at the Canadian Central Farm with special x-efereuce to the protection of 

 vegetables from frost the author concludes that for ordinary purposes, such 

 as a frost of 5 or 6°, 100 heaters per acre are ample to raise the temperature 

 above the danger point. In the test the cost of the heaters and other equip- 

 ment was $61 and the operating expenses per acre about $16. 



Some common spray mixtures, O. S. Watkins (IlUnois 8ta. Circ. 160 {1913), 

 2. ed., rev., pp. 10; (191.5). 3. ed., rev., pp. ID). — Itevised editions of this circular 

 (E. S. R., 28, p. 48). 



To the third edition is added a spraying schedule for Illinois peach orchards, 

 together with the results of some experiments in spraying apple orchards con- 

 ducted during 1914. These experiments included a test of the efficiency of 

 various bi'ands of arsenate of lead and a test of five and six sprayings of 

 arsenate of lead during the season for the control of the codling moth as com- 

 pared with the usual four sprayings. The results of the latter test show the 

 beneficial infiuence of additional spraying in a season when the codling moth 

 is unusually bad. The fruit which received only four sprayings was over 

 50 per cent wormy, whereas the fruit which received the six sprayings was 

 less than 5 per cent wormy. 



Cost of distributing-, G. H. Powell (Cal. Cult., U (1915), No. 11, pp. 326- 

 331). — This address, which was delivered before a convention of the Western 

 Fruit Jobbers, comprises a concise survey of the various factors entering into 

 the cost of distributing citrus fruits. The cost data given are based uix)n in- 

 vestigations conducted under the direction of the California Fruit Growers' 

 Exchange. 



The results of this investigation, combining 30 representative markets and 

 including 5,485 reports extending over the year 1914, show that of each dollar 

 paid for oranges and lemons the grower receives 26.7 • cts. for the fruit on 

 the tree. The remainder of the dollar is divided as follows: Picking, hauling, 

 and packing, 9.8 cts. ; freight and refrigeration 20.5 ; grower's selling cost 1.5 ; 

 jobber's distributing cost 8.2 ; and retail distributing cost 33.3 cts. 



[Papain extraction experiments], F. Watts (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, 

 Rpt. Bat. 8ta. [etc.] Antigua, 1913-14, PP- 18-20). — An experiment was con- 

 ducted with papaya trees at the Antigua station to secure reliable information 

 relative to the yield of papain per tree and the best method to adopt of drying 

 the product. Data are given showing amount of juice obtained from three 

 trees at various tappings, It was demonstrated early in the experiment that 



