ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 863 



(Gastcrostcus aculcatus), frogs, toads, lizards (Laccrta vivipara), and ^rass 

 snakes {Tropidonotns natrix). 



"As we have previously stated we believe that leishmaniases are artliropod- 

 borne herpetomoniases, and that these maladies have been evolved from flagel- 

 lates of invertebrates (especially herpetomonads of insects), which have been 

 able to adopt themselves to life in vertebrates. 



" In areas where leishmaniases are endemic, an examination should be made 

 of all insects and other invertebrates likely to come into contact with men or 

 dogs or rats and mice, in order to ascertain if these invertebrates liarbor 

 herpetomonads. Preventive measures should be directed against such inverte- 

 brates, especially arthropods. Further, it is likely that certain vertebrates, 

 such as reptiles and amphibia (especially those that are insectivorous), may 

 serve as reservoirs for leishmaniases or, as they should preferably be termed, 

 herpetomoniases. From such reservoirs the herpetomonads may reach man 

 by the agency of ectoparasites or flies, especially such as are sanguivorous." 



A list of 18 references is included. 



Parasites of the American muskrat (Fiber zibethicus), F. D. Babker {Jour. 

 Parasitology, 1 {1915), No. 4, pp. 184-197, pis. 2, figs. 4). — In continuation of 

 work previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 484), the author describes a number of 

 new parasites, including 8 trematodes, 2 cestodes, and 3 nematodes. 



Sarcosporidia encountered in Panama, S. T. Daelinq {Jour. Parasitology, 

 1 {1915), No. 3, pp. 113-120, pis. 4)- — During the routine examination of nearly 

 1,000 animals, sporidia were detected in three new hosts — namely, the opossum, 

 hawk, and sloth. 



Larval trematodes from North. American fresh water snails, W. W. Cort 

 {Jour. Parasitology, 1 {1914), No. 2, pp. 65-84, figs. 15). — This is a preliminary 

 report which deals with 14 new cercarise found in 6 species of fresh-water 

 snails obtained from 7 localities. A list of 8 references to the literature is in- 

 cluded. 



Some North American larval trematodes, W. W. Cort {III. Biol. Monographs, 

 1 {1915), No. 4, pp. 86, pis. 8). — It is pointed out that practically nothing is 

 known of the life history of the trematodes of North America, and even in 

 Europe, where many new adults are being described each year, only a few de- 

 velopmental cycles are completely known. A list of references given of litera- 

 ture on larval trematodes from North American molluscs includes but 11 species. 

 The present paper adds 14 new species of cercarise from North American fresh- 

 water snails. A preliminary report, taking. up briefly the structure and activity 

 of these cercarise, is noted above. 



A bibliography of 36 titles is included. 



Trematode parasites and the relationships and distribution of their hosts, 

 S. J. Johnston {Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. Scl, 14 {1913), pp. 272-278).— Thia 

 paper is based upon studies conducted by the author in Australia. 



Studies on the cestode family Anoplocephalidae, H. Douthitt {III. Biol. 

 Monographs, 1 {1915), No. 3, pp. 96, pis. 6).— A comparative anatomical study 

 of this family, including a key to the known species and descriptions of 8 new 

 species. 



" The cestodes of the subfamily Anoplocephalidse are in some way dependent 

 upon rich soils for their existence, and they thrive best in wet lowlands. The 

 evidence points to the conclusion that the intermediate hosts are some group 

 of insects which is confined to such regions; and since the ho^ts of the 

 Anoplocephalidffi are almost exclusively herbivorous, it would seem as if this 

 host were a small, plant-feeding insect." 



A four-page bibliography is included. 



