ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 155 



It is recommeuded that iu the control of the apple luaggot attention be 

 directed especiaJlly toward infested early varieties of apples. It is pointed out 

 that the life economy of the maggot is essentially adapted to early tyiJes of 

 fruit, the larva requiring a mellow pulp to reach maturity. Thi.s is readily 

 available in the drops of soft, summer varieties, while winter fruit, especially 

 the hard, late-maturing type, is not adapted to the needs of the maggot. Mid- 

 summer drops of such fruit are likely to mellow sufficiently for tlie purposes of 

 the larva, but iu general few of the maggots that may be in winter fruit are 

 likely to reach maturity. Infestation of such fruit is often due to flies from 

 neglected earlier varieties nearby. In any fruit the very early drops, falling 

 in June, offer no danger. Drops that fall after the end of September are not 

 apt to mellow sufficiently for the maturity of the larvfe, the critical time being 

 limited to the two months period, from mid July to mid September. The pre- 

 vention of infested fruit from decaying on the ground is the most important 

 step and is an efficient check ; iu fact, it is the only known measure that in 

 itself is definitely effective. This end may be accomplished by picking the 

 infested fruit before it ripens sufficiently to fall, by collecting the drops by 

 hand, or by making use of live stock to gather up the drops. 



" The frequency with which the drops should be collected depends on the 

 variety of apple. With the earliest and softest of summer fruit, drops should 

 be collected twice a week. This applies to apples of the type of Early Harvest. 

 With early varieties of somewhat firmer flesh, such as Red Astrachan or 

 Sops-of-Wiue, once a week is sufficient. This also applies to the softer fall 

 apples, such as the Porter. Later varieties may safely be collected once in 

 two weeks, or longer with hard, winter fruit. With this schedule very few 

 maggots in the apples will be able to leave the fruit and enter the soil for 

 pupation. A reasonable rule to follow, whatever the variety, is not to permit 

 infested apples to grow mellow or soft on the ground. . . . 



*'Anj" apples trees worth the space they occupy should be sprayed. The 

 ordinary spraying for codling moth and for apple diseases is of indirect help 

 in efforts toward control of the maggot because such spraying tends to reduce 

 dropping of the fruit. Wild apple trees in the vicinity of the orchard should 

 be grafted over to fruit of value or cut down. Usually they are infested with 

 the maggot, as well as other apple pests, and their presence is a source of con- 

 stant danger. The possible complication that may be offered by adjacent blue- 

 berries attacked by the apple maggot remains to be worked out. If such fruit 

 is found infested close by, it should be removed and destroyed. ... If winter 

 fruit shows attack by the maggot on picking it should be disposed of promptly, 

 or placed immediately iu cold storage. Sent at once to cold storage it may be 

 expected to keep fairly well. In no case should such apples be allowed to 

 remain in the orchard or barn for a period after picking. Such practice is 

 likely to result in rapid deterioration of the fruit." 



A bibliography of 66 titles is appended. 



Larch killed by a longicorn beetle, B. B. Osmaston {Quart. Jour. Forestry, 

 8 {191-^t), No. 4, pp. 277-279, fig 1). — Tetropium gahrieli cruicfshayi, which does 

 not appear to have attracted the notice of foresters up to the present time, 

 has recently been found to be the source of considerable damage in larch woods 

 in several localities in England. 



The eggs are deposited in crevices iu the bark of sickly larch trees of from 

 about 6 in. in diameter upward. The eggs are laid in June and hatch in about 

 two weeks. During July and August the larva devours the soft bast and cam- 

 bium layers, penetrating 2 in. or so into the wood before forming its pupal 

 cell, where it lies until early in April when it pupates finally, emerging as an 

 75575°— No. 2—15 5 



