ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 365 



ment, one herd producing an average of from 7S<) to 1,080 gal. per year. The 

 breed is very adaptable, having been successfully established in portions of 

 Spain, Argentina, and Brazil. The author states that there are three classes: 

 (1) The milking type, red with a black nose; (2) the beef type, produced by 

 crossing with the Shorthorns, red with a i)ink nose; and (3) the general pur- 

 pose type with predominant milking qualities, red and white with a pink nose. 



Observations on the origin and distribution of breeds of cattle in French 

 West Africa, H. J. de Cordemoy (Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds, 14 (1914), No. 130, 

 pp. 24-S6; abs. in Intemat. Inst. Agr. [RomG'\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant 

 Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 7, pp. 912, 913). — An account of the origin, distribution, 

 and utility value of the breeds of cattle of this section, which include both the 

 zebu, or humped ox, and the humitless (taurine) tyi>e. 



Origin of caracul sheep, C. C. Young (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. 10, pp. 

 JfJ^S-^J^l). — The author concludes from his observations that the caracul breeds, 

 which are broad-tails, resulted from crosses of long-tail sheep on fat rumps, 

 the former the black Danadar, the latter the Duzbai. 



Quality in wool, P. G. Bailey and F. L. Engledow (Jour. Agr. Sci. [Eng- 

 land], 6 U914), No. S, pp. 3^9-370, figs. 9).— In the course of studies made to 

 determine more accurately the influence of fineness of fiber upon the " quality " 

 in wool, 700 slides were prepared and about 30,000 measurements made. At 

 shearing, samples were taken from both of the shoulders, the neck, the breech, 

 and the belly, an attempt being made to take the samples from similar posi- 

 tions on every sheep. The bulk of the wool was sorted by a skilled sorter, 

 representative samples being retained by the investigators for measurement 

 and study. The authors summarize the results of their investigation as follows : 



" The method of taking four subsamples and making in all IGO measurements 

 of these subsamples gives a satisfactory value for the average diameter of 

 the sample. The average of the samples from each shoulder gives a good 

 indication of the shoulder for each sheep. 



" In comparing two sheep A and B we may take as almost certainly signifi- 

 cant a difi'erence between their two average shoulder diameters of some 8 per 

 cent of the average shoulder diameter of either of them for measurements 

 taken as here indicated. A relationship exists between the fineness as meas- 

 ured by the average diameter and the commercial quality into which the wool 

 is graded. But this relationship is not absolute and is not modified by various 

 other factors. The average Ti diameter (diameter at the tip) is the best guide 

 from a genetic point of view as to the fineness of the wool concerned, owing 

 to the marked pathological influences which may affect the Ts (base) average. 

 The distribution of the fibers of different sizes has a modifying effect upon 

 the commercial quality which would be assigned from a consideration of the 

 average size only. It is suggested that the standard deviation of the distribu- 

 tion of the fibers should be used as a measure of this modifying effect." 



South African sheep and wool, W. M. McKee (Cape Toton, 1913, pp. XVI-{- 

 526, figs. 35). — ^An account of the history and development of the Merino, 

 Eambouillet, and other wool-producing breeds of sheep in South Africa, and a 

 discussion of methods of feeding, care, and management of these sheep, the 

 preparation and care of wool for market, fitting sheep for show, and other 

 related topics. 



Influence of feeding on the morphological and physiological conditions of 

 the animal body, H. Henseleb (Kuhn Arch., 3 (1913), pt. 2, pp. 2J,3-361, pis. 

 S, figs. 8; 5 (1914), pp. 207-288, figs. 20).— This treatise gives in detail the 

 results of body measurements and weighings made of fat and lean swine, and of 

 swine under various conditions of feeding. Studies were made of the influence 



