ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 351 



attacking as many as six, so that not infrequently a whole field may be de- 

 stroyed. Its life history and habits and remedial measures are discussed. 



A contribution to a knowledge of the belladonna leaf miner (Pegomya 

 hyoscyami), its life history and biology, A. E. Cameron (Ann. Appl. Biol., 

 1 (1914), No. 1, pp. 43-76, pis. 3, figs. 4)- — l^liis dipteran, which occurs through- 

 out Europe, the United States, and Canada, has often been described under 

 different names, partly because of its having been reared from a fairly wide 

 range of food plants. In addition to belladonna it attacks mangolds, beets, and 

 henbane. 



The leaves which it attacks quickly wither during dry weather. " The num- 

 ber of the larvje in one leaf varies with the size of the latter and, roughly 

 speaking, directly as the size. The ravages are periodic and often quite local- 

 ized, resulting in diminished yields of the products of the different crops 

 attacked. The top shoots are most heavily infested early in the season, but 

 later the radical leaves are most attacked. 



" Hibernation occurs in the pupal condition about 2 in. below the surface of 

 the soil near the food plants. The number of broods varies. There are at 

 least three in [this] latitude [the north of England]. The broods are not sepa- 

 rated sharply off from each other. There is a good deal of overlapping so that 

 all stages occur in the field during the greater part of the season. 



" The eggs are deposited superficially on the back of the leaf in groups con- 

 sisting of parallel series varying in number. The incubation period is about 5 

 days. The larvae feed uninterruptedly and complete their metamorphosis in 10 

 days under the most favorable circumstances. The larvae of the first two broods 

 sometimes pupate in the leaf, generally making their way to the margin to do so. 

 The pupal period of the first two broods is about 17 days. The average period 

 for one complete life cycle is about 86 days. 



" Two closely related species, P. I)icolor and P. nigritarsis, attack common 

 weeds such as dock. Their life histories are, in all details, almost similar to that 

 of P. hyoscyami. Structurally there are some interesting differences, especially 

 in the larval stages. . . . 



" Natural control of the pest is secured by the parasitism of two species of 

 braconids on one or both of which a proctotrypid is probably hyperparasitic. 

 The degi-ee of parasitism ascends to a climax at the end of August and be- 

 ginning of September, and then suddenly diminishes. Frequent hand picking of 

 attacked leaves and their destruction provides a ready and effective means of 

 killing the maggot and unhatched eggs. This method is only practicable where 

 the crop is a small one. . . . Paraffin emulsion is not so effective in killing the 

 maggot as this same emulsion with nicotin added." 



A bibliography of 37 titles is appended. 



An apterous Drosophila and its genetic behavior, C. W. Metz (Amcr. Nat., 

 43 (1914), No. 575, pp. 675-692, fig. i).— This paper deals with an apterous 

 form of the pomace fly {Drosophila aitrpcJophila) which had been reared from 

 cultures in the laboratory. The study of the heredity of this form is said to 

 have been difficult because of its almost complete (apparent) sterility. 



Indian forest insects of economic importance: Coleoptera, E. P. Stebbing 

 (Landon, 1914, pp. XVI-\-648, pis. 64, figs. 401). — A manual of information on 

 the Coleoptera injurious or beneficial to forestry in India. 



The reproduction and fecundity of the elm leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola), 

 L6CAILL0N (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159 {1914), No. 1, pp. 116-119).— 

 In the vicinity of Toulouse the elm leaf beetle continues to reproduce from 

 early May to the first part of July. Females kept under observation have de- 

 posited as higli as 513 eggs. In nature the females do not deposit all the eggs 



