DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 471 



[Feeding' value of grasses], N. Athanassof (Rev. Vet. e Zootech., 4 (iOl4), 

 No. 5, pp. 287-293, pis. 4). — Experiments are reported in which the grasses 

 Melinis minutiflora and Andropogon rufus were fed to dairy cattle as rougliage. 

 It was demonstrated that both grasses materially increased the live weight of 

 the cows and with the former the milk production was increased, but with the 

 latter it was lowered. 



Feeding dried tomato seed to dairy cattle, G. Scakpitti {Indus. Latt. e 

 Zootec, 12 iJ91.'t), No. l.'i, pp. 213. 21.'i). — Successful trials are reported in feed- 

 ing dried tomato seed to dairy cattle, it appearing that this product has a 

 nutritive value slightly higher than linseed meal, its composition being given 

 as follows: Moisture 10.1, protein 38.13, fat 11.63, nitrogen-free extract 29.43, 

 liber 5.9, and ash 4.81 per cent. The feeding of this material resulted in an 

 increases! yield of milk and an increase in live weight. 



Dairying in Nevada, C. A. Norcross {Nev. Bur. Indus., Agr. and Irrig. Bui. 

 'J (191 If), pp. I.')S, figs. 4~)- — This gives general information on the breeding, 

 feeding, care, and management of dairy cattle under Nevada conditions. 



What dairying has done for Denmark, J. J. Dunne (Hoard's Dairy man, 

 19U, Dec. 25, pp. 633, 653, 654; 48 (1915), No. 23, pp. 672, 673, 680, figs. 4).— A 

 general account of the development of the dairy industry in Denmark during 

 the past 35 years, the growth of the cooperative societies, and the effect of the 

 industry on the system of farm management, changing it from one of crop 

 growing to one of milk and live stock production. 



The cost of milk production (Hoard's Dairy man, 48 (1915), No. 23, pp. 669, 

 670, figs. 3). — Eeports from various state stations on the cost of milk production 

 are cited and commented upon. It is concluded that $40 in the West and $60 

 in the East is a fair estimate at which to place the fixed charges per cow per 

 year, after deducting the value of the calf and the manure. It was also shown 

 that as the production increases the cost increases but not nearly in proportion 

 to the increase in the value of the milk. 



The effect of the volatile fatty acids of the nutritive fats on the milk 

 secretion. — Poi-poise oil, C. Begeb (Landw. Vers. Stat., 85 (1914), No. 1-2, 

 pp. 155 167). — Porpoise oil fed to two goats in one case increased the milk 

 secretion and the Reichert-Meissl number, while in the other case it did not, 

 there being an actual depression. 



Studies in the expansion of milk and cream, H. W. Bearce (U. S. Dcpt. 

 Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1914), No. 3, pp. 251-268). — Studies were undex-- 

 taken by the Bureau of Standards of the Department of Commerce, for the 

 Dairy Division of this Department, to determine the coefficient of expansion 

 of market milk, single cream, and double cream. The principle em]iloyed in 

 determining the rate of expansion was to measure the change of density with 

 change of temperature and from that to calculate the change in volume. The 

 density determinations were made by the method of hydrostatic weighing. 

 Several sources of error are to be taken into account — the difficulty of accurate 

 weighing owing to the nonhomogeneity of the milk and cream samples; a 

 difference in the assumed percentage of fat and the actual percentage, due to 

 the loss occurring in handling; temperature observations; and weigliings of 

 the sinker. Tables are given showing the observed densities of milk and cream, 

 the densities of milk and cream corresponding to various percentages of fat, 

 observed and calculated densities of milk and cream at different temperatures 

 and with different percentages of fat, and the volume of milk and cream at 

 various temperatures occupied by a unit volume at 68° F. 



"Examination of the results shows that for the individual samples exam- 

 ined the density determinations may be depended ui>on to about one unit of the 

 84079°— No. 5—15 6 



