RURAL ECONOMICS. 489 



lation, wealth studies especially from farm products, rural credits, markets, 

 highways, schools, public health, the church, aud the farm home. 



Cooperative institutions among the farmers of Catawba County (Univ. N. 

 C. Rec, No. 119 (191^), pp. 15). — This i)amphlet tells how a cooperative cream- 

 ery, a sweet potato growers' association, a farmers' imion warehouse company, 

 and a rural credit association were organized. 



The influence of social position of members of cooperative societies upon 

 their activities in relation to agricultural saving and loan banks, J. Zimmf.b 

 (Latuhc. Jnhrh.. 46 {191J,), No. 3. pp. 431-454, fiys. 2).— The author calls atten- 

 tion to the organization of cooperative societies and banks, the methods of 

 creating working capital, and the employment of the capital as the system is 

 influenced by social status of the members of the society, i. e., as to whether 

 they belong to the agricultural, industrial, or commercial classes. 



Cooperative credit (Bui. Russell S-age Foundation Libr., No. 5 (1914), pp- 

 7). — This pam[)hlet contains an annotated bibliography on cooperative credit. 



Newark Horsekeepers' Insurance Company, Limited (Jour. Ed. Agr. [Lon- 

 don], 21 (1914). No. 7, pp. 644-652). — In this company the horses insured are 

 revalued each year in December, and the amount of the valuation determines 

 for the next 12 months the amount payable on any claim regarding the horse. 

 In case of loss the company pays only two-thirds of the market value. The 

 rate of insurance charge is approximately 5t per cent per annum of the market 

 value, and this also entitles the insurer to attendance and medicine by a veter- 

 inarian employed by the company. 



Economic history [of agriculture] in Russia, J. Mavoe (In An Economic 

 History of Russia. LoniJon, Toronto, and New York, 1914, vol. 1, pp. 185-430; 

 lev. in Scot. Geogr. Mag., SO (1914), No. 10, pp. 51S-527). — These chapters are 

 devoted to a discussion of the Russian agricultural peasant and describe the 

 various tyi>es found, with a history of the movement from the beginning of the 

 eighteenth century to date. 



The agricultural labor conditions in Russia, S. Blank (Die Landarbeiter- 

 rerhdltnisse in Russl-and seit der Bauernbcfreiung. Zurich and Leipsic, 1913, 

 pp. 226, pi. 1. figs. 3). — This book discusses the economic status of the Russian 

 I>easantry. the various types of agricultural laborers, their wages, living condi- 

 tions, and the attitude of the government toward them. 



Slavs on southern farms, L. Hodges (U. 8. Senate, 63. Cong., 2. Sess., Doc. 

 595 (1914), pp. 21). — The author describes the success of the Poles and Bo- 

 hemians as farmers in Texas, Arkansas, and Virginia. He declares that they 

 have made good as farmers in communities where the native Americans are 

 scarcely able to maintain themselves, and that they have been found to be 

 thrifty, industrious, and thoroughly honest in all their business and social 

 relations. 



The agrarian revolution in Georgia, 1865—1912, R. P. Brooks (Bui. Univ. 

 Wis.. No. 639 (1914), pp. 129, figs. J).— The author traces the history of the 

 negro as a farm lai)orer and share tenant. He concludes that it is the escaping 

 from supervision, and not the larger opix)rtunlty for profits, that the negro has 

 i'l mind in shifting from the position of wage earner or share tenant to renter. 



The history of the normal negro agricultural laborer is stated as follows: He 

 begins as a youth working for wages. As soon as he has a family that can be 

 utilized for field work he becomes a share tenant. Under the semicompulsion 

 of this system he makes good profits, and, if he has any capacity for saving, 

 can in a short time buy a mule and a few tools and set up as a renter. So 

 great has been the competition for laborers and so completely have the negroes 

 had the upper hand in this matter, that negro wage earners and share tenants 

 have in many instances been able to achieve an independent position even 



