ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 759 



Becent experience and progress in bee keeping in Germany, F. Gerstuni; 

 (Tntcnuit. Inst. Ayr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant DiscaHix, 5 (1914), 

 No. 6. pp. 716-721). — This is a more detaileil rei'ort than that previously noted 

 (E. S. R., 30, p. 750). 



The moi-phology, biology, and economic importance of Nosema bombi n. 

 sp., parasitic in various bumblebees (Bombus spp.), H. B. Fantham and 

 Annie Pokter (Ann. Trop. lied, and I'm:. S {19 1/,), X<>. S, pp. 623-638, pi. 1).— 

 ''N. homhi n. sp. is piirasitlc in the aliinentary canal and Mal]tiRhian tubules of 

 various species of humble (or bumble) bees, BonihiiH a</ronini. B. hortorum, 

 B. laticillclns. B. laitidnrius, B. f<ylvarum, and B. terrestris being affected. It 

 may also pass naturally to the hive bee. Aphis melliflca and to .1. florca. It is 

 pathogenic to all the above hosts. The morphology of A^ homhi resembles that 

 of JV. apis in its general outlines. . . . 



" The mode of infection is contaminative by means of infected food and drink. 

 Larvfe can become infected from the foo<l soiled by the parental excrement in 

 which they hatch out. N. homhi can pass from one species of hurablebee to 

 another without change of mori)hology or virulence. When it reaches hive 

 bees its facies is preserved, but its pathogenic action is accelerated. . . . The 

 dearth of hum])leb(>es due to the action of Y. homhi has resulted in less red 

 clover seed in certain districts. The possibility of the contraction of micro- 

 sporidiosis of bumblebees by hive bees is also not without significanee. 



"Preventive measures from the economic standpoint take two main fonus: 

 (a) Destruction by burning of all dead bumblebees found and of the nests of 

 moribund bees when they are detected, (b) Prevention of the thoughtless 

 destruction of healthy nests, more especially by children. The destruction of 

 the diseased and i)reservation of the healthy bumblebees are both in the in- 

 terests of agriculturists." 



Some observations on the life history and bionomics of the knapweed 

 gall fly (Urophora solstitialis), J. T. Wadsworth {Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 {191Jf), 

 No. 2, pp. Iff2-169, pis. 2, fig. 1). — A discussion of the life histoiy and bionomics 

 of the trypetid gall fly U. solstitialis in connection with the literature relating 

 to it. 



The anatomy and life history of Agchylostoma duodenale, II, A. Looss 

 {Rcc. Eijiipt Govt. School Med. Cairo, 1911, pp. 163-613, pis. 9; rev. in Jour. 

 Econ. Biol., 7 {1912), No. 1, p. 27; Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps. 19 {1912), No. 1, 

 pp. .^2-^5. figs. 22). — Following a brief introduction the author gives a general 

 account of the comparative anatomy, classification, and development of nema- 

 todes, with special consideration of those points which have led earlier authors 

 into erroi'. This is followed by a detailed account of the development, in which 

 the egg, its shell, contents, and stage at which the eggs are laid, are dealt with, 

 also the eggs of other nematodes, which have been, or might be mistaken for 

 the eggs of the species treated of. The consideration of fertilized and unfer- 

 tilized eggs, the embryonic development, the hatching of the embryos, etc., 

 form a second section, and separate sections are devoted to the consideration 

 of the conditions necessary for the development of the eggs and larvee; the 

 biology of the mature larvpe; modes of infection; the migration of the larvae; 

 the symptoms produced by the migration of the larvae in man; and the com- 

 parative frequency and practical significance of the two modes of infection, i. e., 

 oral and dermnl. 



An extensive bibliography, index to authors quoted, and a list of the genera 

 and species referred to are included. 



