RURAL ENGINEERING. 687 



tical." The details of the desij;us of various standard structures, including 

 deck and through girders, are further discussed. 



Notes on using kerosene, J. A. Kino (loicu Engineer, 15 (lOUt), No. 2, pp. 

 ■■,(>-58). — The author ct)nrhules that the best results are obtained today with 

 kerosene as a fuel for internal combustion engines when one uses a thoroughly 

 t'tticient carburetor in connection with a water spray and on a throttle-governed 

 engine. 



Dynamics of a plow, J. I\i;ik (Jour. Aor. [Seiv Zeal.], S {191.'/), No. 6, pp. 

 507-606, figs. IZ). — The author, in endeavoring to explain the dynamics of a 

 plow, deals with the single furrow lever plow of the New Zealand type having 

 three wlieels. lie points out in conclusion that a great deal of misappreheusitm 

 regarding the relative draft of light and heavy plows exists among farmers and 

 plowmen. The draft of plows running on wheels on level land, he states, is 

 not appreciably aft'e<-ted by the dead weight of the plow. " The draft of every 

 plow is almost entirely due to the work done on the furrow, and will vary with 

 the width and doitth of furrow, and condition and quality of the land. While a 

 light plow is easier to handle for the man. within reasonable limits and on level 

 land, it makes hardly any difference to the horses." 



The strength and design of washers in reference to the bearing on wood, 

 L. R. RoDKNiiisEB {Cornell Civ. Engin., 23 (1014), No. 2, pp. .'tl-45, figs. 6). — 

 Investigations are reported with four different types of structural timber to 

 determine (1) the safe bearing value and ultimate strengths of different w-oods 

 under different washers, and (2) the economic size of washers in order to make 

 the safe bearing value and ultimate strengths as high as possible and yet keep 

 tlie weight of the washers down to a minimum. The main conclusions reache<l 

 are as follows: 



For bolts of less than i-in. in diameter no reinforcement of the washer is 

 necessary, a flat plate large enough to provide sutticient bearing area being all 

 that is required. For each inch of diameter of the plate there should be ^ in. 

 in height and iV in. in thickness for tlie spool, but no siX)ol should be less than 

 ■j in. in height or less than I's in. in tlnckness. 



Silo construction, P. V. Ewing (Georgia Sta. Bill. 110 (101.'^). pp. 1G5-11G, 

 figs. S). — This section gives general information regarding the size and con- 

 struction of silos. 



Housing in rural districts, E. Hollowav {Jiiirvvijor. .J6' (i51.J), No. 1182. pp. 

 830, 331, figs. 4)- — The type of rui-al cottage decided on for the Evesham and 

 Pebworth rural districts of England is described and diagrammatically illus- 

 trated. It is one having a large living room and a small scullery on the first 

 floor, and three bedrooms on the second floor, two of which have fireplaces. 



The construction of the cottages is as follows: Outside and party walls are 

 of 9-in. brickwork, internal walls on the ground floor 4i-in. brickwork, and on 

 the second floor 2-iu. concrete partition slabs. The roofs are tiled, and have 

 a pitch of 4,')°. In one case rough-cast has been used for the exterior walls. 

 The floors of the living room are 6-in. square tiles laid on 4-in. cement con- 

 crete, and in the scullery and elsewhere on the ground floor granolithic floors 

 have been laid ; upstairs. 1-in. best white flooring with matched edges is used, 

 the timber being red deal throughout: the plastering on the ceilings is three- 

 coat work, and on the walls two coats. In every instance casement windows 

 are put in, and ample provision is made both for light and ventilation. The 

 height of all rooms is 8 ft. throughout. 



Rural laborers' cottages (Htirregor, .',6 {1914), No. 1180. pp. 272-277. figs. 

 21). — A quadruple system of rural housing, eacli house of which is said to cost 

 not over £152 ($789.70). is described and diagrammatically illustrated. 

 90853°— No. 7—15 7 



