ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 849 



migrations, reproduction, wax secretion, respiration, and nervous system. 

 Under reproduction the autlior treats of tlie reproductive system, parturition, 

 number of young, and courtship. 



The life history of this species is .summarized as follows: "The egg is laid, 

 as a rule, upon the baric of elm in crevices, though occasionally it is laid upon 

 other trees. In the spring, toward the first of April, it hatches, and the young 

 stem mother so produced migrates to the base of a bud. Here she may remain 

 for some days before the btid opens. Upon opening, the leaves curl or ' rosette' 

 about the insect, and in this house she produces her young. This second gen- 

 eration is wingless and lives within the curled leaves or upon the tender twigs. 

 The generation matures late in Ai)ril or in early May. It in tuni produces a 

 third generation, which is present upon the elm leaves from about May 1 

 until early June. An insect of this third generation is winged and is known 

 as the spring migrant. It flies from the elm leaves to apple or related plants, 

 settling upon the leaves, twigs, and water sprouts. Here it produces the fourth 

 generation, which is wingless and which is the first generation on apple of the 

 well-known woolly aphis. About July 1 this generation is mature and is 

 giving birth to another generation, the fifth, which is exactly like it. Many 

 individuals of this fiftli generation migrate to the roots, but others remain upon 

 the twigs. Those which remain above ground produce a generation of winged 

 forms, the sixth generation, which is mature about the middle of September. 

 These fall migrants may be found upon the trees until late autumn, but they 

 nearly all migrate to the elms. Here they settle upon the bark and produce 

 the sexual forms, males and females, small wingless, beakless individuals. 

 These mate, and the female, known as the oviparous female, then deposits her 

 solitary egg in a crevice of the bark, where it passes the winter to hatch as 

 a stem mother the following spring." 



A list of tho literal ure referred to in the text is appended. 



The host plants and habits of Aphis rumicis, with some observations on 

 the migration of, and infestation of, plants by aphides, J. Davidson (Ann. 

 Appl. BioL, 1 (lOlJ,), No. 2, pp. II8-I4I, fig. i).— The author reports upon 

 investigations of the habits of aphidids. made during the year, which failed 

 to furnish sufficient data upon which to base any definite conclusions, although 

 many of the observations have suggested certain lines of inquiry. In the 

 latter part of the paper he briefly discusses some of the factors which may 

 underlie the questions of the migration of aphidids nnd the infestation of 

 ))lants by them. 



Preliminary notes on damage to apples by capsid bugs, J. C. F. Fbyee 

 (Ann. Appl. Biol.. 1 (1914), No. 2, pp. 107-112, pis. 2).— This is a brief review 

 of the literature on the sub.iect and a report of observations made In English 

 orchards. The distribution of the capsid attack in England is very local and is 

 not known to be widespread in any district ; at present it is known to occur 

 .sporadically in Kent, Suffolk, Nottingham, Worcester, and Hereford. The 

 injured fruit is said to be almost unsalable and oi'chards were vi.sited where 

 from 30 to 50 per cent of the crop was affected, no account being taken in this 

 estimate of fruit so damaged that it fell off before reaching maturity. Inves- 

 tigations of Lyguii pratensis, PsalluK ambiguus, Atractotonius mali, Plesiocoris 

 rugicollin, and Orthofpliis marginalis show +■"""'■ ' ' er of the two last named, or 

 both, are responsible for the injury. 



An experiment was conducted b.v an orchardist which consisted in excluding 

 the larva^ of these two si)ecies from a number of trusses and in inclosing them 

 with others. The results show that the trusses from which the two species 

 were excluded developed sound fruit, while the apples inclosed with them sus- 

 tained typical capsid damage. 



