1917] VETERINAEY MEDICIITB. 88 



stltute two separate and distinct types, and eacli bears a specific relationship to 

 the disease with which it has been associated in the past, namely, bacillary 

 white diarrhea or fowl typhoid. 



" B. pullorum differs from B. sanguinarium in several important respects, 

 aside from morphology. Dextrin, maltose, and dulcite are attacked by the latter 

 with the production of acid, but uo gas. B. pullorum, on the other hand, pro- 

 duces no visible change in media containing these agents except slight alkali 

 production. B. pullorum acts upon dextrose and mannite with the evolution of 

 appreciable amounts of gas, while the fowl typhoid bacillus, whether recently 

 isolated or artificially cultivated for many years, does not produce gas in any 

 of the carbohydrate media. Furthermore, prolonged cultivation of B. pullorum 

 in the laboratory does not cause this organism to lose its power of producing 

 gas in dextrose and mannite broth. 



"The methyl red test applied to cultures grown in one per cent maltose 

 bouillon was found to funiish a practical method of distinguishing between 

 the two types of bacteria, B. sanguinarium being methyl red positive and 

 B. pullorum negative. 



" While both organisms are pathogenic to fowls of all ages in experimental 

 inoculation, B. pullorum manifests itself only as the cause of natural epi- 

 demic infection in young chicks. On the other hand, B. sanguinarium attacks 

 fowls of different ages, although it is of relatively little, if indeed any, signifi- 

 cance as the cause of epidemic disease in very young chicks." 



Fowl cholera and other hemorrhagic septicemia immunization experiments, 

 B. Gallagher {Joiir. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc, 50 {1911), No. 6, pp. 708-728).— 

 Tabulated experimental immunization data are reported and discussed. 



In the experiments an attempt was made to produce immunity to hemorrhagic 

 septicemia by employing as the immunizing agent living organisms of a strain 

 of fowl cholera bacilli nonvirulent for fowls. In one case a mixture of killed 

 organisms of both virulent and nonvirulent strains of fowl cholera bacilli was 

 used. Fowls, rabbits, guinea pigs, and white rats were selected for test ani- 

 mals, and virulent strains of Bacillus avisepticus, B. bovisepticus, B. suisepti- 

 cus, and B. ovisepticus were used for determining the degree of resistance 

 required. 



It is concluded in general that no noticeable resistance is conferred on fowls 

 by the use of killed fowl cholera bacilli as immunizing agents. One strain of 

 fowl cholera organisms confeiTed a marked resistance to a highly virulent 

 strain of the same bacillus. The immunity, however, was found not to be 

 absolute, since dilutions of from 0.01 to 1 cc. of a virulent culture are usually 

 fatal in fowls, rabbits, and guinea pigs. The same strain also conferred a 

 fair degree of immunity on rabbits against certain strains of B. bovisepticus 

 and complete immunity to a virulent strain of B. suisepticus. 



It is indicated that " there is an unknown factor at work in natural fowl 

 cholera outbreaks, since such outbreaks, if due to the fowl cholera bacillus 

 alone, would be easily produced by feeding a virulent culture to susceptible 

 birds. We have failed to produce any symptoms of cholera by feeding several 

 highly virulent strains of fowl cholera organisms." 



Epithelioma contagiosum of quail, B. Gallagheb {Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. 

 Assoc., 50 {1916), No. S, pp. S66-369). — The author reports upon an outbreak 

 of bird pox or avian diphtheria at Kansas City among quail received from 

 Mexico during January, 1916, principally for the purpose of stocking game 

 preserves. Eighty-five per cent of some 400 birds under observation succumbed 

 in a period of five weeks. It is stated that there was no indication of tlie 

 disease during the ten days that the birds were held in quarantine at a point 

 on the border. 



