19171 RURAL ENGINEERING. 185 



" The stagnation which now prevails in irrigation development is due to lack 

 of proper recognition by engineers and investors of the fundamental economic 

 conditions governing the profits of the individual irrigator, and can be relieved 

 only when those conditions are more fully recognized and used as guides in 

 future projects." 



The utilization of ground waters by pumping' for irrig'ation, G. E. P. 

 Smith (Trans. Intemat. Engin. Cong., 1915, Waterways and Irrig., pp. Jfl.'f-^SI, 

 figs. 7). — This paper has been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 

 35, p. 787). 



Distribution systems, methods, and appliances in irrigation, J. S. Dennis, 

 H. B. MucKLESTON, and R. S. Stockton (Trans. Intemat. Engin. Cong., 1915, 

 Waterways and Irrig., pp. 398-413). — This paper consists of a discussion of 

 the factors making for success in an irrigation system, which are enumerated 

 as (1) a suflicient water supply, (2) good construction, and (3) a well organ- 

 ized system for transporting and delivering water to the settler. General fea- 

 tures of design, construction, and maintenance of distribution systems are de- 

 scribed. It is concluded " that the most important part of the distribution 

 system is the farmer who is to use it. If the man is not successful, the project 

 is a failure." 



Duty of water in irrigation, S. Fortier (Trans. Intemat. Engin. Cong., 1915, 

 Waterways and Irrig., pp. ^58-509, figs. 3). — The author discusses the legal, 

 administrative, economic, and agricultural phases of duty of water in irrigation. 

 The discussion is confined to the practice and conditions prevailing throughout 

 the irrigated districts of the United States, and consists largely of a review 

 and summary of the important features of investigations previously reported, 

 especially those conducted under the author's supervision by the Irrigation In- 

 vestigations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 



Use of water in irrigation, S. Fortier (Neio York: McGraiv-HiU Book Co., 

 1916, 2. ed., pp. XVI +325, pis. 12, figs. 77).— This is the second edition of this 

 book (E. S. R., 32, p. 389) in which "the typographical and other minor errors 

 of the first edition have been corrected, the article on the measnirement of 

 water revised and enlarged, and a new article added on sewage irrigation." 

 The most important change in the revision consists in the addition of a new 

 chapter on the use of water in foreign countries, including irrigation in Italy, 

 Spain, France, Russia, Egypt, South Africa, India, Java, Japan, the Philippine 

 Islands, Australia, western Canada, the Hawaiian Islands, Argentina, northern 

 Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and Siam. 



The article on sewage irrigation deals with experience, especially in southern 

 California. In one case at Redlands " the sewage is conducted through the 

 farm lands in underground sewer pipe and delivered to the fields through a 

 modern hydrant system. The soil is a light sandy loam, naturally well drained, 

 but not extremely absorbent. The principal crop irrigated is orange trees, 

 which receive from 3 to 6 in. of sewage at intervals of 30 days, with the 

 exception of the dormant season when the sewage is used on barley and oat 

 land for its fertilizing value. Furrow irrigation is the only system of applica- 

 tion used on all crops, and cultivation follows as closely as possible after irri- 

 gation. . . . The success of the Redlands disposal is principally due to the 

 efficient system of distribution, the farm management of the sewage used, the 

 very favorable natural conditions, and sufficient land." 



In another case at Santa Ana " the raw sewage is distributed through a 

 system of concrete pipe lines and valves to lands upon which sugar beets are 

 grown. The soils vary from a heavy loam to a very light sandy loam. Two 

 irrigations are used during the growth of a crop on the heavy lands, while 

 as high as six are applied on the sandy lands during growth." Sterile sandy 



