874 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 37 



From the pecmliar characteristics of milk protein and carbohydrate it is pre- 

 sumable that these constituents are largely elaborated by the gland itself. 

 Milk fat is apparently the sum total of the secretory and excretory activities of 

 the mammary gland, the former being concerned with the elaboration of the fat 

 peculiar to milk and the latter concerned in the inclusion in the milk of a part 

 of the ingested fat as such. The evidence for this is admittedly incomplete. 

 From the fact that the ingestion of desiccated placenta tends to produce a milk 

 of gi-eater uniformity in the change of production direction of fat, it does not 

 seem improbable that its action may be stimulative to the secretory activity of 

 the gland in this respect also, 



A bibliography is included. 



The modern inilk problem in sanitation, economics, and agriculture, J. S. 

 MacNutt {Xeic York: The ilannillan Co.. 1011. pp. X/+25.S, pis. 16. figs. 22).— 

 This book, which consists largely of a compilation of data from various sources, 

 is a treatise on the practical, economic, and sanitary factors involved in supply- 

 ing cities with pure milk. 



Comparisons of the rate of gas production by certain bacteria in raw and 

 in pasteurized milk, P. W. Allen (Jour. Inject. Diseases, 21 (1917), No. 2, pp. 

 210-225, figs. S). — In this comparison of the physiologic activity of bacteria in 

 milk all factors were the same with the exception that part of the milk was 

 raw and part was pasteurized at 60° C. (140° F.) for 30 minutes. It was found 

 that pasteurization caused milk to become more favorable to the attack of. the 

 ga.s-forming colon bacilli and Bacillus arugencs. Tlicse results indicate that pure 

 raw milk has a power of resisting changes which the same milk does not possess 

 when pasteurized. 



The sig'nificance of colon bacilli in milk, S. H. Ayers, L. B. Cook, and P. 

 W. Clemmer (Abs. Bad., 1 (1017), No. 1, pp. 52, 53). — lu some experimental 

 work in which a large number of samples of fresh milk produced under various 

 conditions were examined, it was found that colon bacilli were present in U.Ol 

 cc. in only a small percentage of the samples. When these organisms were 

 found, their numbers ranged from 100 to 400 per cubic centimeter. There was 

 apparently no lua-ease in the colon count In milk held for 24 hours at 10° C. 

 (50° F.) but a very great increa.se at 15.5° C. (60° F.). 



In order to determine how many colon bacilli could be introduced into fresh 

 milk, an examination was made of 70 samples produced under extrei.iely filthy 

 conditions and handled in unsterilized utensils. These conditions were far 

 worse than would probably be found on any farm, yet In only 32 of the 70 

 samples were colon bacilli found in 0.01 cc. of fresh milk. The number of these 

 organisms found in the 32 samples ranged from 100 to 28,400 per cubic centi- 

 meter, but only one sample showed more than 2.000. I^eaving out this .sample, 

 the average colon count of the 31 saniplcs was 648 per cubic centimeter. 



The influence of gargety and high count cows on the number of bacteria 

 in milk, R. C. Colwell (Abs. Bact., 1 (1017), No. 1, pp. 48. 45).— The investiga- 

 tion of a sanitary dairy of 140 cows from which raw milk was retailed in the 

 city of Providence, R. I., showed two factors to be responsible for the production 

 of milk with more than lO.CKX) bacteria per cubic centimeter, (1) high count 

 cows, cows whose freshly and aseptically drawn milk contains more than 

 10,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, and (2) gargety cows, cows affected with 

 incipient, acute, or chronic mamniitis. The results of 243 tests of indivldiial 

 cows showed that 72 per cent of the cows were producing milk containing less 

 than 10,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, and 28 per cent were cows of tbe high 

 count type. 



A cortnin few of these high count cows wore infected with ranniniitis in one 

 quarter of the udder and a bacteriological examination of each teat of such 



