1917] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 475 



The average number of cows per year on the 25 farms was 459.46 in 1914 

 and 428.57 in 1915. The average daily labor requirement per cow when all 

 the cows are considered was 28.73 minutes in 1914 and 28.56 minutes in 1915. 

 The average yearly feed cost per cow varied from $39.27 to $93.54 on the 

 different farms, the general average for the two years being $65.24. Of this 

 amount the average charge for pasture was $7.98 per year. The total ex- 

 penses per cow in 1914 were $150.57, and in 1915, $150.29. Of these amounts 

 30 per cent was for labor, 45 per cent for feed, and 25 per cent for overhead 

 charges. The total value of products per cow was $158.80 in 1914 and $156.60 

 in 1915. The average milk yield per cow was 6,928 lbs. in 1914 and 7,156.8 lbs. 

 in 1915. The cost of production and delivery of milk per hundredweight was 

 $1,916 in 1914 and $1,854 in 1915. The net profit on milk was 1 ct. per gallon 

 in 1914 and 0.7 ct. in 1915. 



According to the data obtained in this study, 72 per cent of the dairies were 

 profitable and 28 per cent were operated at a loss. In discussing conditions 

 under which these profits and losses were brought about, it is stated that " no 

 one factor seems to determine a profit or loss. In some cases high producing 

 herds have failed to be remunerative, while in others very low producing herds 

 have made a profit. The cost of labor, feeds, and the investment, as well as the 

 system of management of the business, are important factors. Losses due to 

 tuberculosis played a very important part in raising the cost of milk, and since 

 these losses are occasioned by and sustained wholly in compliance with city 

 ordinance, it is eminently fair and equitable that the producer should receive 

 sufficient compensation for his improved product to safeguard him against 

 losses from this source. Buildings poorly arranged, hauling feed and milk in 

 small quantities for long distances, and the maintaining of low-producing cows 

 tend to raise the cost of production. Moderate investment in buildings and 

 equipment, systematized labor, moderate-priced feeds, and high-producing cows 

 are inducive to profits. On the other hand, the price received for the product 

 determines a profit or loss when milk is produced under economical condi- 

 tions. The price secured should be great enough to allow a fair margin of 

 profit." 



A summation of the receipts and expenditures of each of the dairies under 

 investigation for each year and other data brought out in the investigations 

 are presented in graphic charts and diagrams. 



Clarification of milk, T. J. McIneeney {New York Cornell Sta. Bui. S89 

 (1917), pp. 487-504, figs. 7). — The author briefly reviews the history of clari- 

 fication studies, and gives detailed results of experimental work the object of 

 which was to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the clarifier in 

 commercial work. The points studied were the effect of clarification on the 

 germ content and chemical and physical qualities of milk. In the experiments 

 samples of milk were examined immediately before and after clarifying. The 

 germ content was determined by the plate method, the total solids by the chemi- 

 cal method, and the fat content by the Babcock method. The acidity was 

 determined by titrating 18 gm. of the sample with a tenth-normal alkali solu- 

 tion. The amount of insoluble dirt was determined by filtering equal quantities 

 of clarified and unclarified milk through absorbent cotton. The amount of 

 cream rising was determined by filling graduated, straight-sided cylinders with 

 the samples and allowing them to stand for 24 hours. The keeping quality was 

 determined by holding samples of clarified and of unclarified milk at definite 

 temperatures and noting the time required for the milk to curdle. 



An average increase in the bacterial content of milk due to clarification in 

 these experiments was noted of 87.15 per cent in the case of fresh milk and 



