592 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. tTol. 87 



tank, . . . Although the temperature dropped below zero on several occasions 

 the temperature of the cream remained well above the freezing point. On the 

 coldest nights a very small amount of ice was in evidence on the surface of the 

 cream, but this condition did not exist below the surface, showing that the 

 volume of water in one of these tanks is sufficient protection, even in rather 

 cold weather." 



Brief sections on ice for cream cooling and on cream grading and Improve- 

 ment are also included. 



Why hot water pipes in household plumbing burst more frequently than 

 cold water pipes, F. C. Brown and W. Noll {Proc. lotca Acad. Set., 2S {1916), 

 pp. 231f-2/t0). — Experiments are reported on the difference in the time required 

 to burst hot and cold water plumbing pipes and the reasons therefor. 



" In summing up the results of the experiments it was concluded that the 

 occluded air affects the difference in bursting. It does this, first, by acting 

 as a nucleus for crystallization, so that ordinary water freezes less solidly 

 than boiled water; second, by causing the ice to freeze less solidly especially at 

 the center, until a very low temperature is reached the pressure along the 

 center is relieve<l by the water and slush flowing away. Third, the air acts 

 as a compressible medium, which relieves the pressure by an unkno\\Ti amount." 



Community sanitation (Winihrop Normal and Indus. Col. S. C, Ilome 

 Demonstr. Course for Wovien, 2. scr., Xo. 4 [1917], pp. 12). — This is an outline 

 of proposed activities in rural .sanitation, including water supply, sewage dis- 

 posal, fly and mosquito control, etc. 



RURAL ECONOMICS. 



Meeting' the farmer halfway, C. Vkooman {U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1916, 

 pp. 63-75). — The development of the Federal Department of Agriculture, in 

 response to a demand on the part of the farmers of the country, is briefly 

 traced, and some of the results obtained enumerated. Special notice is made 

 of the increased attention given to the dissemination of information under the 

 Extension Act and otherwise, and to the organization of the Ofiice of Markets 

 and Rural Organization to assist the farmer in solving problems of distri- 

 bution. Other recent legislation under the Federal Farm Loan Act, Grain- 

 Standards Act, Warehouse Act, Federal-Aid Road Act, and Cotton-Futures Act 

 is also renewed. 



The Nonpartisan League, C. E. Russkll (Pubs. Atncr. Sociol. Soc., II 

 (1916), pp. 31-36). — An account is given of this league, organized recently by 

 the farmers of North Dakota. Its principles are said to introduce the State 

 into business in the owning and operating of elevators, flour mills, and packing 

 plants at terminal points. It also advocates State insurance against hail. 

 State loans to farmers, and aid in general to make farming more practical and 

 profitable. 



Rural surveys, C. W. Thompson (Pubs. Awer. Sociol. Soc., 11 (1916), pp. 

 129-133). — This paper enumerates the purposes for which surveys are made, 

 kinds of surveys made, sources of information, and methods used. 



The results of some rural social surveys in Iowa, G. H. Von Tungeln 

 (Pubs. Amer. Sociol. Soc, 11 (1916), pp. 134-162).— The author defiues the pur- 

 poses of rural surveys and the argument for making them. The results of de- 

 tailed surveys of two Iowa townships are given under (1) population and con- 

 jugal conditions, (2) economic conditions, (3) organizations, (4) church and 

 Sunday school membership, and (5) social conditions and the social mind. 



The mind of the farmer, E. R. Gkoves (Pubs. Amer. Sociol. Soc, 11 (1916), 

 pp. ^7-53). — Influences that tend to shape the mind of the farmer are the 

 occupation of farming itself, his isolation, and suggestions from various 



