594 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. [Vol.37 



tion, stability, intimate acquaintance, and community of social interests. In- 

 crease in tenantry destroys each one of these as a basis of successful organi- 

 zation. 



The solution of the problem is thought to be in State action as well as through 

 individual education. 



Cooperation and community spirit, A. D. Wilson {Pubs. Amer. Sodol. Soc, 

 11 {1916), pp. 113-125). — Farmers' clubs with their social, educational, and 

 business activities, and live-stock shipping associations, are cited by the author as 

 examples of successful rural cooperation, while the cooperative store, however, 

 is regarded as one form of cooperation likely to fail. The attitude of Minnesota 

 business men and farmers and that of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and 

 the University of Minnesota toward rural cooperation is explained. 



Business essentials for cooperative fruit and vegetable canneries, W. H. 

 Kerr {U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1916, pp. 237-2J,9) .—The author believes that 

 although cooperative canneries sold only $3,500,000 worth of the approximately 

 ?158,000,000 worth of canned fruits and vegetables marketed in 1914, they have 

 a legitimate place in the marketing of perishable products. A close examina- 

 tion of the many failures as well as the succe.sses indicates that the business of 

 canning is not a by-product business, that a suitable location is vital, that 

 ample capital must back the enterprise, that an experienced manager salesman 

 must be secured, that contracts with growers are necessary, that a liberal and 

 inclusive budget be followed, that cost accounting methods be adopted, and 

 that goods be packed to meet market demands. 



A federated cooperative cheese manufacturing and marketing association, 

 H. Macphekso.n and W. H. Keur (T. .S. Dcpt. Agr. Ytarbook 1916, pp. Uio- 

 157). — A survey is given of the cheese industry of Tillamook County, Oreg., 

 where much success is reported to have followed the formation of a cooperative 

 county creamery association in 1909. The plan of operation, benefits of cen- 

 tralized market control, and quality standardization, and the business practice 

 followed are described. 



Farmers' mutual fire insurance, V. N. Valgren {U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 

 1916, pp. 4'21--i33, figs. 4). — The author traces the origin and growth of this 

 form of insurance and discusses its practical workings and possibilities. See 

 also a previous note (E. S. R., 37, p. 391). 



State hail insurance in North Dakota {Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Internat. 

 Rev. Agr. Econ., S {1911!), Xo. ,?, pp. -};--}.'/).— The working features of the State 

 hall insurance act of North Dakota, providing State insurance for "growing 

 grain crops in any county in the State against loss or damage by hail," are 

 described. Balance sheets showing financial conditions are appended. 



Possibilities of a market-train service, G. C. White and T. F. Powell (17. S. 

 Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1916, pp. 477-4S7). — In this article several market trains 

 in operation are described. The authors take the position that this form of 

 service, where practicable, affords an excellent method of restoring the custom 

 of direct dealing between producer and consumer. " Sucli a service, to be suc- 

 cessful, depends on the organized effort of the producing community, intelli- 

 gently directed in sympathetic cooperation with the carrier." 



A system of accounts for cotton warehouses, R. L. Newton and J. R. 

 Humphrey {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 520 {1917), pp. 5/).— The system outlined 

 requires twelve forms, which are described and illustrated. 



Essentials in larger food production, C. G. Hopkins {Illinois Sta. Circ. 197 

 {1917), pp. 4)- — This is an address given before a conference of Illinois mayors 

 April 27, 1917. 



The author believes that the two factors of primiTi\v importance are sufficient 

 labor to perform the necessary farm work and sufficient soil fertility to make 



