574 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.37 



experiment the project was constantly in charge of a field man who worked 

 among the farmers and was assisted by the butter maker at the Algona 

 creamery. 



For the five years it is estimated that, as a result of the experiment, the net 

 profits to the creamery patrons from larger and more economical production 

 of milk fat and better quality of butter manufactured were increased by 

 $20,973. The effects of the work were also shown in the organization of a 

 county butter makers' association, a cow-testing association, a Holstein 

 breeders' association, and various other activities looking to the betterment of 

 dairying in the region. 



The author believes that community development in dairying can be carried 

 on with advantage in close cooperation with, and perhaps under the direction 

 of, county agricultural agents. 



The cow makes fanning more profitable, compiled and edited by P. G. 

 HoLDEN and C. M. Caeeoll {Chicago: International Harvester Company of New 

 Jersey, 1917, pp. 122, figs. 84). — This manual is a compilation of brief articles 

 on the care and management of dairy cattle and the production and sale of 

 milk and butter. 



Beginnings of the dual-purpose Shorthorn type, W. Gbaham (Breeder's 

 Gaz., 11 {1917), No. 25, pp. 1235, 1236, fig. 1). — In this article tlie author re- 

 views the rise of Shorthorn cattle-breeding interests in Cumberland and West- 

 moreland Counties, England. The data are taken for the most part from origi- 

 nal catalogues of sales. 



Cooperative bull associations, J. G. Wink.ier {V. S. Depl. Agr. Yearbook 

 1916, pp. Sll-319, pis. 3, fig. 1). — A brief review is given of the activities of this 

 Department and tlie State agricultural colleges in the formation of cooperative 

 bull associations and of the advanlages arising from such associations. 



The first of these associations in tlie United States was formed in Michigan 

 in 1908. In 1916 there were 32 active associations in this country, with a mem- 

 bership of 650, owning about 120 pure-bred bulls. 



Cooperative bull associations which are formed by farmers for the joint 

 ownership, use, and exchange of liigh-class pure-bred bulls have been found 

 especially adapted to small herds where a valuable bull for each herd is too 

 large an investment. Among the advantages noted are better and fewer bulls, 

 low cost per member, quick returns on investment, opportunity for more in- 

 telligent breeding, elimination of the scrub, encouragement of comnnmity breed- 

 ing, and improvement of lierd production due to the u.se of good sires. 



[Dairy herd records] {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, Jf2 

 (1916), pp. 2It-26). — Tabular data show in detail for each of 34 pure-bred cows 

 of the Macdonald College herd the amount and cost of feed consumed, cost of 

 pasturage, amount and value of milk and fat produced, profit, and cost of pro- 

 duction of milk and fat. 



The highest record of the year was made by the 5-year-old Holstein cow. 

 Young Springwood. This cow produced 20,110 lbs. of milk containing 821 lbs, 

 of fat in one year, and returned a profit above cost of feed of .$188.57. 



Pasturing cows v. stable feeding (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. 

 Farm, 42 (1916), pp. 26, 27). — A comparison was made of the performance of 

 nine cows fed during the year exclusively in the stable but allowed outdoor 

 exercise in a moderate sized yard, and of nine other cows from the college herd 

 pastured during the summer. 



The cows fed in the stable showed an average annual record of 14,048 lbs. 

 of milk and 528 lbs. of fat, and produced a profit of $89.35 from $119.04 worth 

 of feed. Those pastured showed an average annual record of 12,301 lbs. of 



