132 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. [Vol. 3S 



A certain selective specificity was apparent, in tliat some organisms were 

 marljedly susceptible, while others were very resistant to the action of copper. 



Copper is but slightly bactericidal for the tubercle bacillus, although dilutions 

 of 1 : 100,000 prevent its growth in the test tube. In general, however, it was 

 not possible to show any specific affinity of copper for tuberculous tissues. 



Contributions to the serodiagnosis of typhus, Papamarku {Centbl. Bakt. 

 [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 77 ^915), No. 2, pp. 186-191, fl<js. 2).— The complement- 

 fixation reaction in typhus, using alcoholic organ extracts as antigen, yields 

 a high percentage of positive results when fresh serum from sick and con- 

 valescent patients is used. The percentage of positive results is greatly reduced 

 by using inactive sera. The reaction can be obtained in the third day of the 

 disease, and continuing for a period of two weeks. It is probably specific, 

 although positive reactions have been obtained by the use of syphilitic as well 

 as typhus-fever organ extracts as antigen. 



" Lungworms," a preliminary report on treatment, with some observa- 

 tions regarding the epidemiology and life history of the parasite, W. B. 

 Hep.ms and S. B. Feeebokn (California 8ta. Circ. I48 {1916), pp. 8, figs. 2). — 

 The data here presented relate to three species of lungworms of economic im- 

 portance in California, namely, Dictyocaulus viviparous affecting calves, deer, 

 and rarely sheep ; D. filaria affecting sheep, goats, camels, deer, and sometimes 

 calves ; and Mefastrongi/his apri affecting swine. 



In experimental work carried on by E. M. Ledyard with various chemicals, 

 including turpentine, benzin, chloroform, and other substances, used sepa- 

 rately and in various combinations, chloroform administered in botli nostrils 

 proved to be most effective. A herd of 150 Angora goats was successfully 

 treated with 1.5 cc. of chloroform in each nostril during the fall of 1914. In 

 every instance the animal became slightly anesthetized for a period varying 

 from 2 to 20 minutes, but no bad results developed in the herd, which after 

 two more treatments became apparently free from lungworms. It was sup- 

 posed at first that chloroform actually killed the lungworms in situ and that 

 they were eliminated by coughing, but it was later found that the chloroform 

 merely stupefied the worms and at the same time irritated tlie throat and 

 windpipe, thus causing a prolonged paroxysm of coughing during which the 

 worms are coughed up and swallowed. 



In searching for a standard safe and effective dose of chloroform, it was 

 found that one animal may require five times the amount needed to produce 

 the same effect in another. This variability has led to the practice of adminis- 

 tering enough chloroform to make the treated animal slightly groggy, the 

 maxinnnn dosage having been 11 cc. for calves and 3 cc. for goats. Animals 

 to be treated should be confined in a corral which is free from grass and other 

 vegetation. Half the dose is administered in each nostril, and the action of 

 the chloroform is enhanced by stopping the nostrils with the hand or cotton 

 plugs for a few moments after injection. Two hours after treatment a saline 

 purge of Epsom or Glauber's salts should be given the animals. 



Brief reference is made to the life history of these lung parasites. Atten- 

 tion is called to the fact that von Linden and Zenneck report, in an article 

 previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 879), observations on two types of embryos, 

 one occurring in the mucus of the trachea and of the space behind the nose, 

 and consisting of slim, strong moving embryos, capable of living outside the 

 body, the otlier occurring in tlie lungs and consisting of short, thick, slow moving 

 emljryos wliich are unable to live outside the body. It is pointed out that deer 

 and possibly cows may act as carriers and should be excluded from the pasture 

 land of susceptible stock. 



