168 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 35 



Food value of brewers' grains, residue, and yeast, W. Voltz, N. Muhr, 

 A. Baumann, and W. Dbauzbubg (Landio. Jnhrb., ^7 (1914), No. 5, pp. 639- 

 67i). — In feeding experiments with sheep it was found that brewers' grains 

 containing 90 per cent of dry matter contained 8.5 per cent of digestible pro- 

 tein, 30.4 per cent of digestible nitrogen-free extract, a starch value of 24.8 

 per cent, and a phy.siological utility value estimated at 30 per cent of the total 

 energy content. The brewery residue contained 26.7 per cent of digestible pro- 

 tein, 22.4 per cent of digestible nitrogen-free extract, a starch value of 38.7 

 per cent, and a physiological utility value of 40 per cent of the total energy 

 value. With swine the brewery residue contained 25 per cent of digestible 

 protein and 29.5 per cent of digestible nitrogen-free extract. 



Cooperative live stock shipping associations, S. W. Dott and L. D. Haul 

 (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 71S (1916), pp. 16, figs. ;?).— This publication 

 treats of the origin and extent of the cooperative live stock shipping associa- 

 tion movement, the advantages of such associations, and the method of or- 

 ganization. 



It is stated that wherever these associations have been formed an appre- 

 ciable saving to the farmer has resulted. " The profit that formerly went to 

 the local shipper now goes to the farmer, and he has the satisfaction of know- 

 ing that he will receive for his stock the actual market price, less the cost of 

 marketing. Moreover, the activities of a competent manager and the influence 

 of a successful association make for a general improvement in methods of 

 marketing live stock and a better knowledge of market prices and conditions 

 by farmers in the entire community." 



Investigation on raising beef cattle, B. O. Severson [Pennsylvania Sta. 

 Bui. 138 {1916), pp. 3-20, figs. S). — This bulletin gives the average results of 

 three years' investigations, the first two of which have been previously reported 

 (E. S. R., 34, p. 171). The objects of the investigation were to determine the 

 possibilities of raising beef cattle in Pennsylvania ; whether the demand for 

 "feeders" could be met profitably; the cost of maintaining breeding stock; 

 the cost of raising growing an^l breeding beef cattle; the cost of finishing beef 

 cattle for market; the value of silage as a sole roughage, and of cotton-seed 

 meal as a supplementary feed ; and, finally, to study details of management in 

 the feeding and breeding of beef cattle for profitable production. 



Ten Shorthorns composed lot 1 and 10 Aberdeen-Angus lot 2. During the sum- 

 mer montlis the breeding cows and growing stock were on pasture with no extra 

 feed in the form of grain or roughage. During the winter months corn silage 

 was the sole roughage fed to the breeding and growing stock. Cotton-seed meal 

 was fed, in addition, at the rate of 1 lb. per cow daily, and at the rate of 3 

 lbs. per 1.000 lbs. live weight, daily, to the growing stock. The fattening stock 

 was fed in accordance with methods proved by experiment to be profitable. 

 The calves ran with their dams and were weaned at from 7 to 11 months of age. 

 In these three years' experiments the cows were maintained in good condition 

 of flesh, and the weaned calves made satisfactory gains. The normal calves in 

 both lots were vigorous at birth. There was no distinction between the Short- 

 horn and Aberdeen-Angus breeds in the utilization of feeds, cost of maintenance, 

 or breeding qualities. 



Tlie corn silage consumed by each cow during the winter was 9,101 lbs. in lot 

 1 and 8,920 lbs. in lot 2. Each breeding cow required 1.090 lbs. of straw for 

 bedding, and iirf.duced 0,785 lbs. of manure during the winter period. The value 

 of tlie manure more-thiin paid for the cost of the labor and bedding required. 



The cost of wintering cows during an average winter period of 154.6- days 

 wnder the conditions of this Investigation was more than twice the cost of pas- 



