1916] EUEAL ENGINEERING. 289 



" Roads should not be oiled until they have a permanently established 

 gi-ade. . . . Low, flat, undrained roads should not be oiled until proper drain' 

 age has been attended to. . . . Roads that have a preponderance of heavy 

 hauling should not be selected for oiling. . . . The main purpose of oiling earth 

 roads is to suppress the dust and aid in maintaining a smooth and waterproof 

 surface. . . . 



" It is very important that the road surface be oiled when it is smooth, free 

 from dust, and in a condition to absorb the oil. . . . Best results may be ex- 

 pected when the road is reasonably dry for about 2 in. on the surface. . . . The 

 oil should be applied at the rate of from i to i gal. per square yard of surface. 

 If the road has never been oiled, or if more than a season has elapsed since 

 a previous oiling . . . about -} gal. per square yard will be required. If the 

 road or street has been oiled regularly, from i to J gal. per square yard will 

 usually be satisfactory. . . . After a road has been oiled for several years, 

 one light application each year may be sufficient, or at least equal in results 

 to two applications per year on a new oiled road. . . . 



" The uniform distribution of the material is one of the essential require- 

 ments for success. . . . Better results can be secured from sanding the road 

 slightly after either hot or cold oil has been applied. ... A hot oil applica- 

 tion should be followed with a light dressing of sand ... at a rate of 1 cu. yd. 

 to each 100 to 150 sq. yds. of road surface. ... It seems essential that careful 

 analysis be made of all road oils before using and that preference be given 

 to the natural and semiasphaltic products over the paraffin oils." 



Other general information regarding the oiling of sand and gravel and 

 macadam roads is given. 



Popular handbook for cement and concrete users, M. H. Lewis and A. H. 

 Chandler {New York: The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co., 1911, pp. 

 IX-\-430, figs. 126). — This is a comprehensive and popular treatise on the prin- 

 ciples involved and the methods employed in the design and construction of 

 modern concrete work, covering both plain and reinforced concrete. 



It contains the following chapters : Kinds of cement and how they are 

 made; properties, testing, and requirements of hydraulic cements; concrete 

 and its properties ; sand, broken stone, and gravel for concrete ; how to pro- 

 portion the materials; how to mix and place concrete; forms for concrete con- 

 struction ; the architectural and artistic possibilities of concrete ; concrete resi- 

 dences ; mortars, plasters, and stuccos and how to use them ; the artistic 

 treatment of concrete surfaces ; concrete building blocks ; the making of orna- 

 mental concrete ; concrete pipes, fence posts, etc. ; essential features and ad- 

 vantages of reinforced concrete; how to design reinforced concrete beams, 

 slabs, and columns ; explanation of the theory of the design of reinforced con- 

 crete beams and slabs; systems of reinforcement employed; reinforced con- 

 crete in factory and general building construction; concrete in foundation 

 Avork; concrete retaining walls, abutments, and bulkheads; concrete arches 

 and arched bridges; concrete beam and girder bridges; concrete in sewerage 

 and drainage works; concrete tanks, dams, and reservoirs; concrete side- 

 walks, curbs, and pavements; concrete in railroad construction; the utility of 

 concrete on the farm; the waterproofing of concrete structures; grout or 

 '•liquid concrete" and its uses; inspection of concrete work, a summary of 

 essential rules and principles of construction for securing good concrete work ; 

 and cost of concrete work. 



Concrete on the farm and in the shop, H. C. Campbell (New York: The 

 Norman W. Henley Publishing Co., 1916, pp. U9, figs. 5i).— This is a popular 

 treatise on the fundamental principles of concrete construction with particu- 

 lar reference to farm structures. It contains the following chapters: Gen- 



