3G0 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.35 



tlie author has failed to detect it on foliage. The larva always seems to break 

 through the part of the shell which is cemented to the leaf and enters the leaf 

 tissue at once. In the course of its development the larva molts three times. 

 tlie first of which takes place on the third day and the second on the seventh 

 or eighth day, the larva! life in the mine being about two weeks. After vacat- 

 ing the mine through a small hole in its floor the larva crawls about for a 

 varying length of time before making a cocoon in which to pupate. The 

 cocoon is almost invariably placed on the upper surface along the edge of the 

 leaf or at its very tip. Pupation tali;es place soon after the cocoon is com- 

 pleted, the pupal period varying from a few days to a week in midsummer. 

 In the spring the adults are abundant by the first week in May. By the 

 middle of the month the typical tentiform mines begin to appear, and the adults 

 of the first spring brood begin to emerge by the last of May, the life cycle 

 being completed in from four to five weeks. The broods overlap, but beginning 

 with May a fairly well-defined brood can be made out for each month until 

 November. The larvae of the October brood pupate and live through the winter 

 on fallen leaves. 



While this leaf miner is primarily a pest of the foliage of the apple, the 

 small caterpillars have also been found developing in considerable numbers 

 in the leaves of the crab apple and occasionally in the leaves of the haw 

 {Crataegus spp.), plum, cherry, and pear. Other authors report having reared 

 it from mines in the leaves of wild cherry. 



It is pointed out that since the caterpillar enters the leaf immediately on 

 hatching and remains in the mine until mature and ready to spin its cocoon for 

 pupating, arsenical and contact sprays are of little value in its control. Since 

 it passes the winter as a pupa in cocoons on fallen leaves, it can be effectively 

 controlled by destroying the leaves early in the spring, the most practical 

 method being to use a disk for shallow cultivation before the first of March so 

 as to work under the leaves before the moths begin to emerge. The pest is 

 said to be heavily parasitized. The author reared a number of parasites from 

 it, namely, Syynpiesis nigrifemora, S. tischerw, S. metcori, Eulophus Uneaticoxa, 

 S. dolichogaster and others which have not been identified. 



Cutworms, H. T. Fernald (Massachusetts ^ta. Circ. 61 (1916), pp. 2). — A 

 revision of Circular 43, previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 349). 



Anopheles punctipennis, a host of tertian malaria, W. V. King (Amer. 

 Jour. Trop. Diseases and Prev. Med., 3 (1916), No. 8, pp. ^26-432, pi. 1). — Sub- 

 stantially noted from another source (E. S. R., 34, p. 358). 



In a footnote the author states that it has been established that A. puncti- 

 pennis is also an efficient host of the parasite of estivo-autumnal malaria, Plas- 

 modium falciparum. 



Experiments on the development of malaria parasites in three American 

 species of Anopheles, W. V. King (Jour. Expt. Med., 23 (1916), No. 6, pp. 703- 

 716, pis. 8).— This is a report of further experiments (see above) with the three 

 most prevalent species of the genus occurring in the United States. 



" As a result of these experiments Anopheles punctipennis is shown to be an 

 efficient host of the organisms of tertian and estivo-autumnal malaria, A. 

 crucians of estivo-autumnal malaria, at least, and information has been ob- 

 tained upon the relative susceptibility of these two species and A. quadrimacu- 

 latus. The latter species has been known to be an efficient host since Thayer's 

 experiments in 1900, and has been considered to be the principal species con- 

 cerned in the transmission of malaria in the United States. 



" With A. punctipennis, developmental forms of the exogenous or sporogenic 

 cycle of Plasmodium vivax were demonstrated in six (85 per cent) of the 



