362 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. [Vol.35 



Some new neotropical Simulidae, F. Knab {Bui. Ent. Research, 6 (1915), 

 No. 3, pp. 279-282). — Three species, namely, SimuUurn sanguineum from Colum- 

 bia, S. limhatnm from British Guiana, and S. placidum from Trinidad, are de- 

 scribed as new to science. 



riies: A factor in, a phase of, filariasis in the horse, F. E. Place (Vet. 

 Rec, 28 (1915), No. I4I8, pp. 120-125). — The author attempts to trace a direct 

 connection between the existence of certain flies, notably Stomoxys calcitrans, 

 Musca domestica, and M. vetustissima, and the presence of certain filarise in the 

 stomach of the horse. 



Chemical reactions of fruit flies, F. M. Howlett (Bui. Ent. Research, 6 

 (1915), No. 3, pp. 291-305, pis. If). — " There are certain smells remarkably attrac- 

 tive to male flies of the genus Dacus and by the employment of these smells the 

 movements of the flies can to a great extent be controlled in any given direc- 

 tion. The reaction is strictly confined to the male sex, and different species ex- 

 hibit a variation as regards the smell which is most attractive to them. It is 

 uncertain whether the females emit similar smells ; on the whole improbable." 



Effect of cold storage temperatures upon the pupae of the Mediterranean 

 fruit fly, B. A. Back and C. E. Pemberton (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Re- 

 search, 6 (1916), No. 7, pp. 251-260, figs. 2).— In the investigations here reported 

 the authors, assisted by H. F. Willard, conducted extensive experiments to de- 

 termine the effect of the various ranges of temperatures used in commercial 

 cold storage plants upon the pupae of the Mediterranean fruit fly. The work was 

 carried on in connection with that relating to the effect of cold upon the eggs 

 and larval instars, previously noted (E. S. R., 34, p. 554). 



In the introduction the authors call attention to the fact that while the 

 greatest danger in the spread of this pest from one country to another lies in 

 the transportation of the larvse within fruits, it is possible that the pest may 

 also be transported in the pupal stage and arrive at its destination in a condi- 

 tion to produce infestation. It is stated that nearly all the experimental work 

 with temperatures lower than 45° F. was carried on in a thoroughly modern 

 cold storage plant. 



The data presented, much of which are given in tabular form and include 

 observations on 173,318 pupae, indicate that none survive refrigeration for 

 longer periods than are necessary to cause the death of the eggs and larvse in 

 host fruits held at corresponding temperatures. " About 50° is the critical 

 point below which development can not take place and below which death will 

 follow if refrigeration is continued sufficiently long. At 49 to 51° only 9 out 

 of 39,500 pupa? yielded adults in refrigeration 20 to 47 days after the inward 

 date, while 3 out of 6 held at 52 to 56° yielded adults in refrigeration 38 to 52 

 days after the inward date. Many pupae can complete their entire development 

 in refrigeration at 54 to 57°, while higher temperatures, not considered here, 

 merely retard development without causing noticeable mortality. 



" Pupae can not withstand temperatures below 50° for prolonged periods of 

 time. Only 3 and 1 pupa survived refrigeration for 8 and 9 days, respectively, 

 at 32°, while none of 4,500 pupae survived 10 days at this temperature. Refrig- 

 eration at a temperature averaging 34°, but ranging between 33 and 36°, 

 proved fatal after the seventeenth day; 6,017 pupae refrigerated at this tem- 

 perature for 18 and 25 days yielded no adults, while the number to yield adults 

 after refrigeration for 14 and 17 days was very small. No pupae survived 

 refrigeration at 28 to 40°, but averaging 36°, for more than 10 days. A tem- 

 perature of 38 to 40° proved fatal after the nineteenth day; 30,731 pupae 

 refrigerated for from 21 to 35 days failed to yield adults on removal to normal 

 temperatures. After refrigeration at 40 to 45° pupae from each of two lots 



