236 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol.35 



the solution. The increase in size of the apples was accompanied by an apparent 

 dropping off in color. 



Experiments have been conducted for three years, in which alfalfa and clover 

 were grown as orchard shade crops. The results thus far secured, although 

 not decisive, suggest that where irrigation is done well and a sufficient amount 

 of moisture is maintained in the soil trees will improve in vigor where alfalfa 

 or clover is grown among them. On the other hand, in the absence of sufficient 

 moisture the shade crops will use the moisture at the expense of the trees. 



Further results witn dynamite for tree planting, A. J. Farley {Proc. Soc. 

 Hort. Set., 11 (1914), pp. 127-130). — The author gives additional data secured in 

 planting apple and peach trees with dynamite (E. S. R., 32, p. 535), together 

 with the i-esults sec-ured from planting pear trees with dynamite. 



Summing up the results secured during the past three years, it is found that 

 with peach trees planted at Vineland by the use of dynamite there has been a 

 noticeable advantage in the amount of branch and twig development over trees 

 set in the usual manner. With the exception of the first season there has been 

 a corresponding advantage in the circumference of the trees. A similar advan- 

 tage in branch and trunk development of peach trees planted with dynamite at 

 New Brunswick observed during the first season has not been maintained dur- 

 ing the second and third seasons. On the contrary, the advantage is now in 

 favor of the undynamited trees. The only variety producing a profitable crop 

 auring the third summer was the Carman. The crop of this variety showed 

 suflicient increase in favor of dynamiting to be worth more than enough to pay 

 for the cost of the dynamite used in planting. This was not true in the case of 

 the varieties Stump and Elberta. 



The difference in twig and trunk circumference has not been so great with 

 apple trees as with peach trees. Pear trees after two years' growth showed a 

 slight advantage in favor of dynamiting. Trees planted with dynamite have 

 developed a deeper root system than trees planted by ordinary methods. The 

 cost of planting trees with dynamite was from 4 to 5 cts. per ti'ee greater than 

 the cost of ordinary planting. 



Summing up the experiments as a whole, it is concluded that in the majority 

 of cases the increased growth and fruit production recorded on dynamited 

 trees is not great enough to make up for the increased cost and danger involved 

 in planting. The use of dynamite is not recommended for tree planting on those 

 soils that are naturally adapted to orcharding. 



Beport of committee on score cards, W. H. Axdeeman {Proc. Soc. Hort. Sci., 

 11 (1914), pp. 43-52). — The present report represents the findings of the com- 

 mittee on score cards of the Society of Horticultural Science, with special refer- 

 ence to ideal sizes for exhibition purposes for the several varieties of apples 

 grown in the United States and Canada. 



The study of apple tree characters and its bearing' on variety substitution, 

 J. K. Shaw (Proc. Soc. Hort. Sci., 11 {1914), pp. 120-127).— This comprises a 

 brief survey of some of the tree characters of apples that are of value in identi- 

 fying varieties, together with descriptions of a number of varieties of apples 

 intended to apply to trees from the age of two to five or six years as they appear 

 during late summer or early fall. 



Factors correlated with hardiness in the apple, F. W. Allen {Proc. Soc. 

 Hort. Sci., 11 {1914), pp. 130-137).— The author reports studies of twigs repre- 

 senting varieties from several sections of the United States and Canada, but 

 chiefly from a small nursery planted for this purpose on the Iowa Experiment 

 Station grounds. About 33 varieties were included in the test. 



Observations made relative to the factors of maturity and water content 

 show that the hardiest varieties mature their wood from a few days to several 



